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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273}],"original_descriptions":["前去攻打赵家","围攻赵家","赵、韩、魏三家瓜分智家的田土","赵家的族人","联合进攻赵家"],"total_mentions":6,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"辅氏":{"all_names":["辅氏"],"canonical_name":"辅氏","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756","description":"智果请求脱离智族姓氏后另立的氏族名称，文本未明确交代请求是否获准。","id":"辅氏","juans_appeared":[1],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"另立为辅氏","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"当初，晋国的智宣子想以智瑶为继承人，族人智果说：“他不如智宵。智瑶有超越他人的五项长处，只有一项短处。美发高大是长处，精于骑射是长处，才艺双全是长处，能写善辩是长处，坚毅果敢是长处。虽然如此却很不仁厚。如果他以五项长处来制服别人而做不仁不义的恶事，谁能和他和睦相处？要是真的立智瑶为继承人，那么智氏宗族一定灭亡。”智宣子置之不理。智果便向太史请求脱离智族姓氏，另立为辅氏。","year":-403}],"original_descriptions":["另立为辅氏"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"郑国人":{"all_names":["郑国人"],"canonical_name":"郑国人","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756","description":"杀死国相驷子阳的郑国人群体，具体成员与组织身份未明。","id":"郑国人","juans_appeared":[1],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"郑国人杀死国相驷子阳","segment_index":6,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"楚国围攻郑国。郑国人杀死国相驷子阳。","year":-398}],"original_descriptions":["郑国人杀死国相驷子阳"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"郡臣":{"all_names":["郡臣"],"canonical_name":"郡臣","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756","description":"原文所称秦国臣僚群体，其中很多人在秦武王即位后诽谤张仪；具体成员身份未明。","id":"郡臣","juans_appeared":[3],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"郡臣中很多人便前来诽谤数说张仪的短处","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"张仪回国报告，还没到咸阳，秦惠王就去世了，其子秦武王继位。武王从做太子时就不喜欢张仪，等到他一即王位，郡臣中很多人便前来诽谤数说张仪的短处。各国听说张仪与秦王间发生矛盾,都放弃了对秦国的许诺，再次联合抗秦。","year":-311}],"original_descriptions":["郡臣中很多人便前来诽谤数说张仪的短处"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756"},"门下宾客":{"all_names":["门下宾客"],"canonical_name":"门下宾客","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756","description":"随魏无忌留居赵国的门下宾客群体。","id":"门下宾客","juans_appeared":[5],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"与门下宾客留在赵国居住","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国，与门下宾客留在赵国居住，派将军指挥军队回国。赵王与平原君赵胜商议，用五个城来赐封魏无忌。赵王布置打扫，亲自前去迎接魏无忌，以主人的礼节对待，引他由西面台阶登上大殿。魏无忌侧着身子辞让，从降一等级的东面台阶走上，自己口中说着罪过罪过，已经辜负了魏国，又对赵国没有什么功劳。赵王与魏无忌一直饮酒到天黑，因为魏无忌过于谦让，赵王始终不好意思说出送给他五个城的事。最后，赵王把城送给魏无忌，做为汤沐邑。后来，魏国也仍把魏无忌的原封地信陵送还给他。魏无忌听说赵国有个高士毛公隐居在赌徒之中，还有个薛公隐居在卖酒人家，想与他们见面，两人不肯见，魏无忌便徒步前去拜访，同他们出游。平原君赵胜听说后，不以为然。魏无忌便说：“我听说平原君是个贤德之人，才背弃魏国前去援救赵国。现在看他与一些人结交出游，只不过是阔绰的举动，不是为访求人才。我魏无忌跟着毛、薛二位出游，心里还直怕他们不愿意接纳我，平原君竟然认为这是羞耻！”于是整备行装，想离开赵国。赵胜急忙前去摘下帽子谢罪，魏无忌才留下。","year":-257}],"original_descriptions":["与门下宾客留在赵国居住"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756"},"陇西军队":{"all_names":["陇西军队"],"canonical_name":"陇西军队","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756","description":"由司马错调动、从蜀地进攻楚国黔中郡的军队。","id":"陇西军队","juans_appeared":[4],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"调动陇西军队","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"[１]秦国大将白起打败赵国军队，杀死二万人，夺取代地光狼城。秦国又派司马错调动陇西军队，从蜀地进攻楚国黔中郡，予以攻占。楚国被迫献出汉水以北及上庸地方。","year":-280}],"original_descriptions":["调动陇西军队"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756"},"集市上的人":{"all_names":["集市上的人"],"canonical_name":"集市上的人","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756","description":"响应王孙贾号召、随他攻击淖齿的四百多名集市民众。","id":"集市上的人","juans_appeared":[4],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"集市上的人有四百多人随他前去攻击淖齿","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐国发生淖齿杀王之乱时，齐王的儿子田法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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273}],"original_descriptions":["韩、魏两家甲兵","韩、魏两家的军队","韩、魏两家军队","赵、韩、魏三家瓜分智家的田土","韩家、魏家却突然反叛"],"total_mentions":5,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"魏无忌门下宾客":{"all_names":["魏无忌门下宾客"],"canonical_name":"魏无忌门下宾客","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.548756","description":"魏无忌门下的宾客，其中能言善辩者受派游说魏王；魏无忌又聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵。","id":"魏无忌门下宾客","juans_appeared":[5],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273}],"original_descriptions":["吴国如果以仁德的季札做君主","原先吴国的旧地","吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地","当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐"],"total_mentions":4,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.546757"},"周":{"all_names":["周"],"canonical_name":"周","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756","description":"范睢论述君王授予臣下专权而亡国时提及的三代之一。","id":"周","juans_appeared":[5],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"夏、商、周三代","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266}],"original_descriptions":["夏、商、周三代"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"周朝":{"all_names":["周王室","周王朝","周朝"],"canonical_name":"周朝","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.546757","description":"史论认为其虽已衰败，仍曾凭天子名分维持天下宗主地位，又批评其分封晋国三家大夫使名分失守。","id":"周朝","juans_appeared":[1,3,4,5],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周朝的气数每况愈下","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"呜呼！周幽王、周厉王丧失君德，周朝的气数每况愈下。礼纪朝纲土崩瓦解；下欺凌、上衰败；诸侯国君恣意征讨他人；士大夫擅自干预朝政；礼教从总体上已经有十之七八沦丧了。然而周文王、周武王开创的政权还能绵绵不断地延续下来，就是因为周王朝的子孙后裔尚能守定名位。为什么这样说呢？当年晋文公为周朝建立了大功，于是向周襄王请求允许他死后享用王室的隧葬礼制，周襄王没有准许，说：“周王制度明显。没有改朝换代而有两个天子，这也是作为叔父辈的晋文公您所反对的。不然的话，叔父您有地，愿意隧葬，又何必请示我呢？”晋文公于是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"正是周天子自已破坏了周朝的礼教啊","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"有人认为当时周王室已经衰微，而晋国三家力量强盛，就算周王不想承认他们，又怎么能做得到呢！这种说法是完全错误的。晋国三家虽然强悍，但他们如果打算不顾天下的指责而公然侵犯礼义的话，就不会来请求周天子的批准，而是去自立为君了。不向天子请封而自立为国君，那就是叛逆之臣，天下如果有像齐桓公、晋文公那样的贤德诸侯，一定会尊奉礼义对他们进行征讨。现在晋国三家向天子请封，天子又批准了。他们就是奉天子命令而成为诸侯的，谁又能对他们加以讨伐呢！所以晋国三家大夫成为诸侯，并不是晋国三家破坏了礼教，正是周天子自已破坏了周朝的礼教啊！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":7,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周朝先民的子孙灭亡殆尽","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[7],"source_sentence":"呜呼！君臣之间的礼纪既然崩坏，于是天下便开始以智慧、武力互相争雄，使当年受周先王分封而成为诸侯国君的圣贤后裔，江山相继沦亡，周朝先民的子孙灭亡殆尽，岂不哀伤！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周朝","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"周朝王子姬定出奔晋国。","year":-399},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"周朝，是天下尊崇的王室","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"巴国、蜀国互相攻击，都来向秦国告急求救，秦惠王想出兵讨伐蜀国，但顾虑道路险峻难行，韩国又可能来侵犯，所以犹豫不决。司马错建议他仍旧出兵伐蜀，张仪却说：“不如去征讨韩国。”秦惠王说：“请谈谈你的见解。”张仪便陈述道：“我们应该与魏国、楚国亲善友好，然后出兵黄河、伊水、洛水一带，攻取新城、宜阳，兵临东西周王都，控制象征王权的九鼎和天下版图，挟持天子以号令天下，各国就不敢不从，这是称王的大业。我听人说，要博取名声应该去朝廷，要赚取金钱应该去集市。现在的黄河、伊洛一带和周朝王室，正好比天下的朝廷和集市，而大王您不去那里争雄，反倒纠缠于远方的戎狄小族争斗，这可不是帝王的大业啊！”司马错反驳张仪说：“不对。我也听说有这样的话：想要使国家富强必须先开拓疆土，想要使军队强大必须先让老百姓富庶，想要成就帝王大业必须先树立德望。这三个条件具备，帝王大业也就水到渠成。现在大王的国家地小民贫，所以我建议先从容易之事做起。蜀国，是西南偏僻之国，又是戎狄之族的首领，政治昏乱，如同夏桀、商纣；以秦国大兵攻蜀，就像狼入羊群一样。攻占它的土地可以扩大秦国疆域，夺取它的财富可以赡养百姓，而军队不须有大的伤亡就可以使蜀国屈服。这样，吞并一个国家而天下并不认为秦国强暴，获取广泛的利益天下也不认为秦国贪婪，我们一举两得、名利双收，更享有除暴安良的美誉。秦国若是攻打韩国、劫持周天子，就会臭名远扬，也不见得有什么实际利益。蒙受不义之名，攻打天下人所不愿攻占的地方，那可是很危险的！请让我细说其中的原因：周朝，是天下尊崇的王室；齐国，是韩国的亲睦友邦。周朝自知要失去九鼎，韩国自知要失去伊洛一带领土，两国将会齐心合力，共同谋划，求得齐国、赵国的援助，并与有旧怨的楚国、魏国和解，甚至不惜把鼎送给楚国，把土地割让给魏国，对此，大王您只能束手无策。这就是我所说的危险所在。所以，攻打蜀国才是十拿九稳的上策。”秦惠王听从了司马错的建议，起兵伐蜀，仅用了十个月就攻克全境，把蜀王降为侯，又任命陈庄为蜀国国相。蜀国为秦国吞并以后，秦国更加富庶和强盛而轻视周围各国。","year":-316},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"周朝创业的周文王","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周王朝开始任命","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"周王朝开始任命齐国大夫田和为诸侯国君。","year":-386},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"顺便灭掉周王朝","segment_index":17,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。周王派东周的武公对楚国任令尹职的昭子说：“周朝可不能算计。”昭子说：“要说算计周朝，那是没有的事。尽管如此，我想问你，周朝为什么不能灭掉？”武公回答：“西周现在的地盘，取长补短，也不过方圆一百里。抢占这块地方并不足以使哪个国家富强，得到那里的百姓也不足以壮大军队。但西周却有天下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有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下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有爪牙之利，假如再给它披上一张诱人的虎皮，人们猎取它的欲望一定会增加万倍。楚国的情形正是这样，分割楚国的领土，足以使自己富庶；讨伐楚国的名义，又足以有尊崇周王室的声名。楚国要是残害了天下共同拥戴的周王朝，占有了夏、商、周三代相传的礼器，你刚把礼器运回南方，各国证讨的大兵也就到了！”令尹昭子觉得言之有理，于是放弃了楚国原来的打算。","year":-281},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"夏、商、周三代","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 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交做得还不够？”便派勇士宋遗借了宋国的符节，北上到齐国去辱骂齐王。齐王大怒，立即降低身份去讨好秦国，齐国、秦国于是和好。这时张仪才上朝，见到楚国使者，故作惊讶地问：“你为何还不去接受割地？从某处到某处，有六里多见方。”使者愤怒地回国报告楚王，楚王勃然大怒，想发兵攻打秦国。陈轸说：“我可以开口说话吗？攻秦国还不如用一座大城的代价去收买它，与秦国合力攻齐国。这样我们从秦国失了地，还可以在齐国得到补偿。现在大王您已经与齐国断交，又去质问秦国的欺骗行为，是我们促使齐国、秦国和好而招来天下的军队了，国家一定会有大损失！”楚王仍是不听他的劝告，派屈率军队征讨秦国，秦国也任命魏章为庶长之职，起兵迎击。","year":-313},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"然后发兵讨伐‘桀宋’","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"冬季，十月，秦王自称西帝，派使者建议齐王立为东帝，想约定两国共同进攻赵国。苏代从燕国前来，齐王便问他：“秦国派魏冉来劝我帝，你的意见如何？”苏代回答说：“我建议大王先予以接受，但暂时不称帝。秦王称帝后，天下如果不表示反对，大王再称帝，也不算晚。秦王 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了一点小利去欺骗人民，对外为了追求大的利益不怕欺骗友邦。对内不好好治理自己已有的东西，却常常觊觎别人的成果。这样，臣下百姓就无不以奸诈之心对待上司。上欺下，下瞒上，于是上下关系分崩离析。这样，便使敌对国家轻视，友好国家不信任，权术泛滥而国家日益削弱，走向极端，终于灭亡，齐王、孟尝君便是如此。齐王要强大齐国，不去提倡礼义，不去修明政治，不去统一天下的思想，只是成年累月地骑马在外面征战。所以齐国强大的时候，向南能够打败楚国，向西能够逼迫秦国，向北可以战胜燕国，在中原能够征服宋国。然而燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐，便如摧枯拉朽。齐王身死国亡，成为天下共同声讨的对象，后世提起暴君总要举他为例。这不是别的原因，就是因为他不崇尚礼义而沉溺权术。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":12,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐王灭掉宋国以后","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[12],"source_sentence":"起初，齐王灭掉宋国以后，想驱逐在薛地的孟尝君，孟尝君便投奔魏国，魏昭王任用他为国相，与各国联合攻破齐国，齐王死后，齐襄王光复国土，而孟尝君独立于各国之间，无所依属。齐襄王因为新即位，害怕孟尝君，便与他和好。孟尝君死后，几个儿子争夺权力，齐国、魏国趁机共同灭掉薛地，于是孟尝君断了后代。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"宋国旧地将尽入其手","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国，到了盐氏地方即行撤回。秦国把武遂归还韩国，把封陵归还魏国，以求和解。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"宋","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"即使道德还未达到完美，礼义也没有做到完善，然而已经可以掌握治理天下的大致条理。做到赏罚分明，取得天下的信任，使臣属清楚地看到它的重要性。政令一经颁布，不管成功还是失败，都不欺骗百姓；条约已经缔结，不管有利还是无利，都不欺骗合作的邻国。这样，才能军队强劲，城池坚固，使敌对国家畏惧。国家的方针一贯而明确，友邦就予以信任。即使是偏僻的小国，也可以威震天下。春秋时期的齐、晋、宋、秦、楚五霸主便是如此，即所谓的以树立信誉而称霸。","year":-284}],"original_descriptions":["宋国","比宋国、卫国还不如","魏国攻打宋国。","借了宋国的符节","然后发兵讨伐‘桀宋’","宋国一时成为可与齐国、魏国相匹敌的国家","宋国旧地","在中原能够征服宋国","齐王灭掉宋国以后","宋国旧地将尽入其手","齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国","宋"],"total_mentions":20,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"巴国":{"all_names":["巴国"],"canonical_name":"巴国","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756","description":"与蜀国相互攻击，并向秦国告急求救的国家。","id":"巴国","juans_appeared":[3],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"巴国、蜀国互相攻击","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"巴国、蜀国互相攻击，都来向秦国告急求救，秦惠王想出兵讨伐蜀国，但顾虑道路险峻难行，韩国又可能来侵犯，所以犹豫不决。司马错建议他仍旧出兵伐蜀，张仪却说：“不如去征讨韩国。”秦惠王说：“请谈谈你的见解。”张仪便陈述道：“我们应该与魏国、楚国亲善友好，然后出兵黄河、伊水、洛水一带，攻取新城、宜阳，兵临东西周王都，控制象征王权的九鼎和天下版图，挟持天子以号令天下，各国就不敢不从，这是称王的大业。我听人说，要博取名声应该去朝廷，要赚取金钱应该去集市。现在的黄河、伊洛一带和周朝王室，正好比天下的朝廷和集市，而大王您不去那里争雄，反倒纠缠于远方的戎狄小族争斗，这可不是帝王的大业啊！”司马错反驳张仪说：“不对。我也听说有这样的话：想要使国家富强必须先开拓疆土，想要使军队强大必须先让老百姓富庶，想要成就帝王大业必须先树立德望。这三个条件具备，帝王大业也就水到渠成。现在大王的国家地小民贫，所以我建议先从容易之事做起。蜀国，是西南偏僻之国，又是戎狄之族的首领，政治昏乱，如同夏桀、商纣；以秦国大兵攻蜀，就像狼入羊群一样。攻占它的土地可以扩大秦国疆域，夺取它的财富可以赡养百姓，而军队不须有大的伤亡就可以使蜀国屈服。这样，吞并一个国家而天下并不认为秦国强暴，获取广泛的利益天下也不认为秦国贪婪，我们一举两得、名利双收，更享有除暴安良的美誉。秦国若是攻打韩国、劫持周天子，就会臭名远扬，也不见得有什么实际利益。蒙受不义之名，攻打天下人所不愿攻占的地方，那可是很危险的！请让我细说其中的原因：周朝，是天下尊崇的王室；齐国，是韩国的亲睦友邦。周朝自知要失去九鼎，韩国自知要失去伊洛一带领土，两国将会齐心合力，共同谋划，求得齐国、赵国的援助，并与有旧怨的楚国、魏国和解，甚至不惜把鼎送给楚国，把土地割让给魏国，对此，大王您只能束手无策。这就是我所说的危险所在。所以，攻打蜀国才是十拿九稳的上策。”秦惠王听从了司马错的建议，起兵伐蜀，仅用了十个月就攻克全境，把蜀王降为侯，又任命陈庄为蜀国国相。蜀国为秦国吞并以后，秦国更加富庶和强盛而轻视周围各国。","year":-316}],"original_descriptions":["巴国、蜀国互相攻击"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.547756"},"晋":{"all_names":["晋国","晋"],"canonical_name":"晋","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.546757","description":"赵简子嘱咐赵无恤时所提及的国家；其发生危难在本句中属于假设情形。","id":"晋","juans_appeared":[1,2,4],"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"晋国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"周威烈王姬午初次分封晋国大夫魏斯、赵籍、韩虔为诸侯国君。","year":-403},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"瓜分了晋国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"呜呼！周幽王、周厉王丧失君德，周朝的气数每况愈下。礼纪朝纲土崩瓦解；下欺凌、上衰败；诸侯国君恣意征讨他人；士大夫擅自干预朝政；礼教从总体上已经有十之七八沦丧了。然而周文王、周武王开创的政权还能绵绵不断地延续下来，就是因为周王朝的子孙后裔尚能守定名位。为什么这样说呢？当年晋文公为周朝建立了大功，于是向周襄王请求允许他死后享用王室的隧葬礼制，周襄王没有准许，说：“周王制度明显。没有改朝换代而有两个天子，这也是作为叔父辈的晋文公您所反对的。不然的话，叔父您有地，愿意隧葬，又何必请示我呢？”晋文公于是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"晋国三家力量强盛","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"有人认为当时周王室已经衰微，而晋国三家力量强盛，就算周王不想承认他们，又怎么能做得到呢！这种说法是完全错误的。晋国三家虽然强悍，但他们如果打算不顾天下的指责而公然侵犯礼义的话，就不会来请求周天子的批准，而是去自立为君了。不向天子请封而自立为国君，那就是叛逆之臣，天下如果有像齐桓公、晋文公那样的贤德诸侯，一定会尊奉礼义对他们进行征讨。现在晋国三家向天子请封，天子又批准了。他们就是奉天子命令而成为诸侯的，谁又能对他们加以讨伐呢！所以晋国三家大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了一点小利去欺骗人民，对外为了追求大的利益不怕欺骗友邦。对内不好好治理自己已有的东西，却常常觊觎别人的成果。这样，臣下百姓就无不以奸诈之心对待上司。上欺下，下瞒上，于是上下关系分崩离析。这样，便使敌对国家轻视，友好国家不信任，权术泛滥而国家日益削弱，走向极端，终于灭亡，齐王、孟尝君便是如此。齐王要强大齐国，不去提倡礼义，不去修明政治，不去统一天下的思想，只是成年累月地骑马在外面征战。所以齐国强大的时候，向南能够打败楚国，向西能够逼迫秦国，向北可以战胜燕国，在中原能够征服宋国。然而燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐，便如摧枯拉朽。齐王身死国亡，成为天下共同声讨的对象，后世提起暴君总要举他为例。这不是别的原因，就是因为他不崇尚礼义而沉溺权术。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国宝玉和氏璧","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"赵王得到楚国宝玉和氏璧，秦昭王想要，愿意用十五座城来交换。赵王想不给他，又畏惧秦国的强大；给他，又怕被秦王欺骗。便征求蔺相如的意见。蔺相如回答说：“秦国用城来换宝玉而大王不允许，是我们理屈。而我们给他宝玉，他不给我们城，是秦国理屈。衡量两种办法，我看宁可让秦国在道义上有负于我们。我愿护持宝玉前去，假如秦国不交出城来，我一定能完璧归赵。”赵王便派他前往。蔺相如到了秦国，看出秦王并无真意用城来换赵国的宝玉，就哄骗秦王，取回和氏璧，派随从藏在怀中，从小道潜回赵国，而他自己留下来听任秦王的处置。无奈之际，秦王只好称赞蔺相如的贤能，不但不杀他，反而以礼相待，送他回国。蔺相如回到赵国，赵王封他为上大夫。","year":-283},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。","segment_index":17,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。周王派东周的武公对楚国任令尹职的昭子说：“周朝可不能算计。”昭子说：“要说算计周朝，那是没有的事。尽管如此，我想问你，周朝为什么不能灭掉？”武公回答：“西周现在的地盘，取长补短，也不过方圆一百里。抢占这块地方并不足以使哪个国家富强，得到那里的百姓也不足以壮大军队。但西周却有天下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有爪牙之利，假如再给它披上一张诱人的虎皮，人们猎取它的欲望一定会增加万倍。楚国的情形正是这样，分割楚国的领土，足以使自己富庶；讨伐楚国的名义，又足以有尊崇周王室的声名。楚国要是残害了天下共同拥戴的周王朝，占有了夏、商、周三代相传的礼器，你刚把礼器运回南方，各国证讨的大兵也就到了！”令尹昭子觉得言之有理，于是放弃了楚国原来的打算。","year":-281},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国被迫献出汉水以北及上庸地方","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"[１]秦国大将白起打败赵国军队，杀死二万人，夺取代地光狼城。秦国又派司马错调动陇西军队，从蜀地进攻楚国黔中郡，予以攻占。楚国被迫献出汉水以北及上庸地方。","year":-280},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国大将白起攻打楚国，占领鄢、邓、西陵等地。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":10,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"貂勃出使楚国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[10],"source_sentence":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"进攻楚国","segment_index":20,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派大良造白起进攻楚国，攻占郢城，火烧夷陵。楚襄王的军队四散，于是不再迎战，把国都向东北迁到陈地。秦国以郢城为南郡，封白起为武安君。","year":-278},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国已派使臣黄歇前来","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"楚国派左徒黄歇","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"楚国派左徒黄歇侍奉在秦国做人质的太子芈完。","year":-272},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"楚国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国、魏国、楚国共同进攻燕国。","year":-272},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"当年齐王向南进攻楚国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"黄歇回到楚国三个月后的秋天","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"楚顷襄王病重。黄歇对应侯范睢说：“现在楚王的病恐怕难以痊愈，秦国不如让楚太子回国。太子能够即位，一定会更加侍奉秦国，感戴相国您的无穷恩德，这样做既与邻国结好，又为秦国储存下一个有万乘兵车的帮手。如果不让太子回去，他只是咸阳城里一个普通老百姓而已。楚国再立一个君王，肯定不会侍奉秦国，那么秦国就失去友邦又断送了与一个有万乘兵车大国间的和平。不是上策。”应侯范睢把此话告诉秦王，秦王说：“让太子的老师先去看看楚王病 的情况，回来再做商议。”黄歇与楚太子盘算道：“秦国留下太子，想以此来换取利益。现在太子的力量又做不到什么有利秦国的事。阳文君的两个儿子都在楚国，楚王一旦去世，太子不在国中，阳文君的儿子肯定会被立为继承人，那么太子就不能接替祖业了。太子不如与使者一起逃离秦国，我留在这里，以死来对付秦王。”太子于是换上衣服扮作楚国使者的车夫混出关外；黄歇守在馆舍中，常常称太子生病谢绝来访。他估计太子已经走得很远，便自己去告诉秦王说：“楚国太子已经归国，走得很远了。我黄歇情愿领受死罪。”秦王勃然大怒，想照此处理。应侯范睢劝道：“黄歇作为臣下，献身以救他的主子，如果楚太子即位，一定会重用黄歇。我们不如赦免黄歇无罪放他回去，以与楚国结好。”秦王听从了劝告，放走黄歇。黄歇回到楚国三个月后的秋天，楚顷襄王去世，太子即位为楚考烈王；任命黄歇为国相，封给他淮河以北的领地，号称春申君。","year":-263},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"楚国把州陵献给秦国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"楚国把州陵献给秦国，以求和平。","year":-262},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派左庶长王进攻上党，予以攻克。上党百姓逃往赵国。赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平，接应上党逃来的百姓。王于是挥兵攻打赵国。赵军迎战，几战都不胜，一员副 将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国、楚国援救赵国","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦王听说赵 括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"逃到楚国去","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦王想为应侯范睢报仇雪恨，听说魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家，便用花言巧语诱骗赵胜到秦国，把他扣留起来，并且派出使臣对赵王说：“不得到魏齐的人头，我决不放你的弟弟赵胜出关。”魏齐无可奈何，走投无路，只好去找虞卿，虞卿舍弃了相印，与魏齐一起逃走。到了魏国，他们想借助信陵君魏无忌，逃到楚国去。信陵君十分为难，没有立即与他们见面。魏齐非常悲愤，便自杀了。赵王于是取到魏齐的人头去献给秦国，秦王才下令放回平原君。九月，秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国。武安君白起因患病，不能前去。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"韩、魏、齐、楚、燕、赵各国","segment_index":29,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"燕文公听从苏秦的劝告，资助他车马，让他去游说赵肃侯。苏秦对赵肃侯说道：“当今之时，崤山以东的国家以赵国最强，秦国的心腹之患也是赵国，然而秦国始终不敢起兵攻赵，就是怕韩国、魏国在背后算计。秦国要是攻打韩、魏两国，没有名山大川阻挡，只要吞并一些土地，很快就兵临国都。韩国、魏国不能抵挡秦国，必定会俯首称臣；秦国没有韩国、魏国的牵制，就立即把战祸蔓延到赵国头上。让我根据天下的地图来分析一下，各国的土地面积是秦国的五倍，估计各国的兵力是秦国的十倍，如果六国结成一气，向西进攻秦国，一定可以攻破。现在主张结好秦国的人都想割各国的土地去献给秦国，秦国成就霸业他们可以获得个人荣华富贵，而各国遭受秦国的践踏，他们却毫无分忧之感。所以这些人日日夜夜总是用秦国的威势来恐吓各国，以使各国割地。我劝大王好好地想一想！为大王着想，不如联合韩、魏、齐、楚、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古代的圣人。”陈贾又说：“周公派管叔监视商朝旧地，管叔却在商地反叛。难道周公预先知道管叔会反叛而仍派他去吗？”回答：“周公预先不知道。”陈贾便说：“如此说来圣人也会犯错误吗？”孟轲说：“周公，是弟弟，管叔，是哥哥，周公的错误是可以理解的。况且古代的君子，有了错误就改；现在的所谓君子，有了错误听之任之。古代的君子，他的过失像日食月食，人民都看得到；待到他改正，人民便更加景仰他。现在的君子，不但听任错误不改，反而寻找托辞。”","year":-314},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"燕国被齐国攻破","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"燕国贵族共同推举太子姬平为燕昭王。昭王是在燕国被齐国攻破后即位的，他凭吊死者，探访贫孤，与百姓同甘共苦。自己纡尊降贵，用重金来招募人才。他问郭隗：“齐国乘我们的内乱而攻破燕国，我深知燕国国小力少，不足以报仇。然而招揽贤士与他们共商国是，以雪先王的耻辱，始终是我的愿望。先生您如果见到合适人才，我一定亲自服侍他。”郭隗说：“古时候有个君主派一个负责洒扫的涓人用千金去购求千里马，那个人找到一匹已死的千里马，用五百金买下马头带回。君主大怒，涓人解释说：‘死马您还买，何况活的呢！天下人知道了，好马就会送上来的。’不到一年，果然得到了三匹千里马。现在大王您打算招致人才，就请先从我郭隗开始，比我贤良的人，都会不远千里前来的。”于是燕昭王为郭隗翻建府第，尊他为老师。各地的贤士果然争相来到燕国：乐毅从魏国来，剧辛从赵国来。昭王奉乐毅为亚卿高位，委托以国家大事。","year":-312},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"燕国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"最后，张仪北上到达燕国，对燕王说：“如今赵王已经去朝见秦王，并献出河间以迎合秦国。大王您不赶快结好秦国，秦国就会派甲兵到云中、九原，驱使赵国进攻燕国，易水、长城可就不是大王您的了！况且，现在齐国、赵国就像秦国的郡县一样，不敢妄起刀兵相攻伐。大王您服从秦国，就可以长年免除齐国、赵国的威胁了。”燕王于是请张仪献上恒山脚下的五个城以向秦国求和。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"北面有燕国、东胡","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"国中的士人有不少反对，公子成假称有病，不来上朝。赵王派人前去说服他：“家事听从父母，国政服从国君，现在我向人民宣传改变服装，而叔父您不穿，我担心天下人会议论我徇私情。治理国家有一定章法，总以有利人民为根本；办理政事有一定常规，执行命令是最重要的。宣传道德要先针对卑贱的下层，而推行法令必须从贵族近臣做起。所以我希望能借助叔父您的榜样来完成改穿胡服的功业。”公子成拜谢道：“我听说，中国是在圣贤之人教化下，用礼乐仪制，使远方国家前来游观，让四方夷族学习效法的地方。现在君王您舍此不顾，去仿效远方外国的服装，是擅改古代习惯、违背人心的举动，我希望您慎重考虑。”使者回报赵王。赵王便亲自登门解释说：“我国东面有齐国、中山国；北面有燕国、东胡；西面是楼烦，与秦、韩两国接壤，如果没有骑马射箭的训练，怎么能守得住呢？先前中山国倚仗齐国的强兵，侵犯我们领土，掠夺人民，又引水围灌城，如果不是老天保佑，城几乎就失守了。此事先王深以为耻。所以我决心改变服装，学习骑射，想以此抵御四面的灾难，一报中山 国之仇。而叔父您一味依循中国旧俗，厌恶改变服装，已经忘记了城的奇耻大辱，我对您深感失望啊！”公子成翻然醒悟，欣然从命，赵王亲自赐给他胡服，第二天他便穿戴入朝。于是，赵王正式下达改穿胡服的法令，提倡学习骑马射箭。","year":-307},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"赵主父与齐国、燕国联合灭掉中山国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵主父与齐国、燕国联合灭掉中山国，把中山王迁到肤施居住。赵主父回来后，论功行赏，大赦罪人，设酒庆祝，全国欢宴五天。","year":-295},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"苏代从燕国前来","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"冬季，十月，秦王自称西帝，派使者建议齐王立为东帝，想约定两国共同进攻赵国。苏代从燕国前来，齐王便问他：“秦国派魏冉来劝我帝，你的意见如何？”苏代回答说：“我建议大王先予以接受，但暂时不称帝。秦王称帝后，天下如果不表示反对，大王再称帝，也不算晚。秦王 称帝如果遭到天下指责，大王就不再称帝，趁势收买天下人心，这是个大资本。况且进攻赵国与进攻有夏桀恶名的宋国，哪个有利呢？现在大王不如暂时放弃帝号以使天下归心，然后发兵讨伐‘桀宋’，征服宋国后，楚国、赵国、魏国、卫国都会恐崐惧臣服。这样，我们名义上尊重秦国而让天下去憎恨它，正是齐国反卑为尊的计策。”齐王采纳了他的建议，只称帝两天便放弃了。十二月，吕礼从齐国到秦国，秦王也去掉帝号，仍旧称王。","year":-288},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"使燕国更加富足","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"燕昭王却日夜安抚教导百姓，使燕国更加富足，于是他与乐毅商议进攻齐国。乐毅说：“齐国称霸以来，至今有余力，地广人多，我们独力攻打不易。大王一定要讨伐它，不如联合赵国及楚、魏三国。”燕王便派乐毅约定赵国，另派使者联系楚国、魏国，再让赵国用讨伐齐国的好处引诱秦国。各国苦于齐王的骄横暴虐，都争相赞成参加燕国的攻齐战争。","year":-285},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国大，燕国小","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"燕王调动全部兵力，以乐毅为上将军。秦国尉斯离率军队与韩、赵、魏联军也前来会合。赵王把相国大印授给乐毅，乐毅统一指挥秦、魏、韩、赵大军发动进攻。齐王集中国内全部人力进行抵御，双方在济水西岸大战。齐国军队大败。乐毅便退回秦国、韩国军队，令魏国军队分兵进攻宋国旧地，布署赵国军队去收复河间。自己率领燕军，由北长驱直入齐国。剧辛劝说道：“齐国大，燕国小，依靠各国的帮助我们才打败齐军，应该及时地攻取边境城市充实燕国领土，这才是长久的利益。现在大军过城不攻，一味深入，既无损于齐国又无益于燕国，只能结下深怨，日后必定要后悔。”乐毅说：“齐王好大喜功，刚愎自用，不与下属商议，又罢黜贤良人士，专门信任谀谄小人，政令贪虐暴戾，百姓十分怨愤。现在齐国军队已溃不成军，如果我们乘胜追击，齐国百姓必然反叛，内部发生动乱，齐国就可以收拾了。如果不抓住时机，等到齐王痛改前非，体贴臣下而抚恤百姓，我们就难办了。”于是下令进军深入齐国。齐国果然大乱，失去常度，齐王出逃。乐毅率军进入齐都临淄，搜刮宝物和祭祀重器，运回燕国。燕王亲自到济水上游去慰劳军队，颁行奖赏，犒劳将士；燕王封乐为昌国君，让他留在齐国进攻其余未克的城市。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"淖齿却想与燕国瓜分齐国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐王出逃到卫国，卫国国君让出宫殿给他居住，向他称臣并供给日常用度。齐王却傲慢不逊，卫国人气愤地攻击他，齐王又出奔到邹、鲁国，仍旧面有骄色；邹、鲁两地闭门不纳，齐王又出奔莒地。楚国派淖齿率军前来救援齐王，被任命为齐相。淖齿却想与燕国瓜分齐国，于是抓住齐王数说他的罪过：“千乘、博昌之间的方圆几百里地，下血雨浸湿衣服，你齐王知道吗？”齐王回答：“知道。”“嬴、博之间，大地崩塌，泉水上涌，你齐王知道吗？”回答：“知道。”“有人堵着宫门哭泣，却不见人影，离开时又音响可闻，齐王你知道吗？”回答：“知道。”淖齿说：“天降血雨，是上天警告你；地崩泉涌，是大地警告你；人堵着宫门哭，是人心在警告你。天、地、人都警告，而你却不知改悔，你还想不死吗！”于是在鼓里这个地方将齐王处死。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"带领国家追逐功利，不申张正义，不遵守信用，唯利是图；对内不惜为 了一点小利去欺骗人民，对外为了追求大的利益不怕欺骗友邦。对内不好好治理自己已有的东西，却常常觊觎别人的成果。这样，臣下百姓就无不以奸诈之心对待上司。上欺下，下瞒上，于是上下关系分崩离析。这样，便使敌对国家轻视，友好国家不信任，权术泛滥而国家日益削弱，走向极端，终于灭亡，齐王、孟尝君便是如此。齐王要强大齐国，不去提倡礼义，不去修明政治，不去统一天下的思想，只是成年累月地骑马在外面征战。所以齐国强大的时候，向南能够打败楚国，向西能够逼迫秦国，向北可以战胜燕国，在中原能够征服宋国。然而燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐，便如摧枯拉朽。齐王身死国亡，成为天下共同声讨的对象，后世提起暴君总要举他为例。这不是别的原因，就是因为他不崇尚礼义而沉溺权术。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"接受燕国爵位的有一百多人","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"乐毅听说昼邑人王贤良，下令围绕昼邑三十里周围不得进入军队，又派人请王，王辞谢不去。燕国人威胁说：“你要是不来，我们就在昼邑屠城！”王叹息说：“忠臣不事二君，烈女不更二夫。国破君亡，我不能使崐之保存，而自身又被燕人逼迫，我与其苟且偷生，不如一死！”于是把脖子系在树枝上，纵身一跃，自尽而死。燕国军队乘胜长驱直入，齐国大小城市望风崩溃。乐毅整肃燕军纪律，禁止侵掠，寻访齐国的隐士高人，致以荣誉礼待。还放宽人民赋税，革除苛刻的法令，恢复齐国旧的良好传统，齐国人民都十分喜悦。乐毅于是调左军在胶东东莱渡过胶水；前军沿泰山脚下向东到达渤海，进攻琅邪；右军循着黄河、济水而下，屯扎在东阿、鄄城，与魏国军队相连；后军沿北海镇抚千乘，中军占据临淄，镇守齐国国都。他还亲至城郊祭祀齐桓公、管仲，表彰齐国的贤良人才，赐封修治王的陵墓。经过收敛人心，齐国人接受燕国所封君号、领取俸禄的有二十余人；接受燕国爵位的有一百多人。六个月之内，燕军攻下齐国七十余座城，都设立郡县治理。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"与燕国成为平等国家","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，燕国军队攻打齐国安平时，临淄市的一个小官田单正在城中，他预先让家族人都用铁皮包上车轴头。待到城破，人们争相涌出城门，都因为车轴互相碰断，车辆损坏难行，被燕军俘虏，只有田单一族因铁皮包裹车轴得以幸免，逃到了即墨。当时齐国大部分地区都被燕军占领，仅有莒城、即墨未沦陷。乐毅于是集中右军、前军包围莒城，集中左军、后军包围即墨。即墨大夫出战身亡。即墨人士说：“安平之战，田单一族人因铁皮包轴得以保全，可见田单足智多谋，熟悉兵事。”于是共同拥立他为守将抵御燕军。乐毅围攻两城，一年未能攻克，便下令解除围攻，退至城外九里处修筑营垒，下令说：“城中的百姓出来不要抓捕他们，有困饿的还要赈济，让他们各操旧业，以安抚新占地区的人民。”过了三年，城还未攻下。有人在燕昭王面前挑拨说：“乐毅智谋过人，进攻齐国，一口气攻 克七十余城。现在只剩两座城，不是他的兵力不能攻下，之所以三年不攻，就是他想倚仗兵威来收服齐国人心，自己好南面称王而已。如今齐国人心已服，他之所以还不行动，就是因为妻子、儿子在燕国。况且齐国多有美女，他早晚将忘记妻子。希望大王早些防备！”燕昭王听罢下令设置盛大酒宴，拉出说此话的人斥责道：“先王倡导全国礼待贤明人才，并不是为了多得土地留给子孙。他不幸遇到继承人缺少德行，不能完成大业，使国内人民怨愤不从，无道的齐国趁着我们国家动乱得以残害先王。我即位以后，对此痛心疾首，才广泛延请群臣，对外招揽宾客，以求报仇。谁能使我成功，我愿意和他分享燕国大权。现在乐毅先生为我大破齐国，平毁齐国宗庙，报却了旧仇，齐国本来就应归乐先生所有，不是燕国该得到的。乐先生如果能拥有齐国，与燕国成为平等国家，结为友好的邻邦，抵御各国的来犯，这正是燕国的福气、我的心愿啊！你怎么敢说这种话呢！”于是将挑 拨者处死。又赏赐乐毅妻子以王后服饰，赏赐他的儿子以王子服饰，配备君王车驾乘马，及上 百辆属车，派宰相侍奉送到乐毅那里，立乐毅为齐王。乐毅十分惶恐，不敢接受，一再拜谢，写下辞书，并宣誓以死效忠燕王。从此齐国人敬服燕国乐毅的德义，各国也畏惧他的信誉，没有再敢来算计的。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"燕国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"不久，燕昭王去世，燕惠王即位。惠王从当太子时，就与乐毅有矛盾。田单听说了，便派人去燕国用反间计，散布说：“齐王已经死了，齐国仅有两座城未被攻克。乐毅与燕国新王有矛盾，害怕加祸不敢回国，他现在以攻打齐国为名，实际想率领军队在齐国称王。齐国人没有归附，所以他暂缓进攻 即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"所经过的城邑都叛离燕国，再度归顺齐国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"这时，田单下令让城中人吃饭时，先在庭院里祭祀祖先，四处飞鸟争吃祭饭都盘旋落到城中，燕军很是惊讶，田单又让人散布说：“会有天神派军师下界来帮助我们。”有个士兵说：“我可以做神师吗？”说罢起身便走。田单急忙离座追回他，让他面东高坐，奉为神师。士兵说：“我犯上欺主了。”田单忙悄声嘱咐：“你不要说出去。”便以他为师，每当发布号令，都必称奉神师之命。田单又令人散布说：“我就怕燕军把齐国俘虏割去鼻子，作为前导，那样即墨城就完了！”燕国人听说，果然这样做了。城中守兵看到投降燕军的人都被割去鼻子，万分痛恨，决心坚守不降，唯恐被俘。田单再使出反间计，说：“我怕燕军掘毁我们的城外坟墓，那样齐国人就寒心了。”燕军又中计，把城外坟墓尽行挖毁，焚烧死尸。齐国人从城上远远望见，都痛哭流涕，争相请求出战，怒气倍增。田单知道这时军士已经可以死战，于是带头拿起版、锹和士卒一起筑城，把自己的妻妾编进军队，还分发全部食品犒劳将士。他下令让披甲士兵都潜伏在城下，只以老弱人员、女子登城守卫，又派人去燕军中约定投降，燕军都欢呼万岁。田单在城中百姓中募集到一千镒金银，让即墨城的富豪送给燕军大将，说：“我们马上就投降。请不要抢劫掠夺我们的家族！”燕国将军大喜，立刻应允。燕军戒备更加松懈。田单在城中搜罗到一千余头牛，给牛披上大红绸衣，绘上五彩天龙花纹，在牛角上绑束尖刀，而在牛尾绑上灌好油脂的苇草，然后点燃，趁着夜色，从预先凿好的几十个城墙洞中，赶牛冲出，后而紧随着五千名壮士。牛尾部被火燎烧，都惊怒地奔向燕军大营。燕军大惊失色，看到牛身上都是天龙花纹，碰到的不是死就是伤。加上城中敲锣打鼓齐声呐喊，老弱居民也敲击铜器助威，响声惊天动地。燕国军队万分恐惧，纷纷败逃。齐军趁乱杀死燕军大将骑劫，追杀逃亡的燕军，所经过的城邑都叛离燕国，再度归顺齐国。田单的军队越来越多，乘胜而入，燕军日日望风而逃，逃到黄河边，齐国失去的七十几座城都复归。田单于是前往莒城迎齐襄王回国都临淄，襄王册封田单为安平君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"抛弃燕国跑到赵国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"赵王分封乐毅于观津，对他十分尊宠。以此来警戒燕国和齐国。燕惠王便派人去批评乐毅，并道歉说：“乐将军你过于听信传言，因为与我有矛盾，就抛弃燕国跑到赵国。你这样做为自己打算是可以的，然而，又怎能报答先王对你的一片恩情呢？”乐毅回信答复道：“从前伍子胥的建议被吴王阖闾采纳，吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地；而继任吴王夫差不听他的话，把伍子胥的尸体装入皮囊抛进江中。夫差不明白伍子胥对先王的建议是吴国得以成就功业的根本，所以沉下伍子胥的尸体一点儿也不后悔。伍子胥不能早日看出不同的君王有不同的器量，所以尸体虽入江而魂灵仍怨愤不化。免去自身的灾祸，立就功业，以表明先王的心迹，是我的上策。自己遭到别人的诽谤，从而使先王的英名蒙上耻辱，是我最害怕的。但因为蒙受了不白之冤，就以新的宠幸为利益，谋算燕国，也是我在道义上绝不会做的。我听说古代的君子，与人断交绝不口出恶言；忠臣被迫离开祖国，也不去辩解洗雪自己的名声。我虽然不成器，也曾多次从古代君子身上得到教益。谨请大王明鉴。”于是燕王仍封乐毅的儿子乐为昌国君，而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":10,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"燕国攻打齐国时","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[10],"source_sentence":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"燕国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国、魏国、楚国共同进攻燕国。","year":-272},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"燕国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"燕国燕惠王去世，其子即位为燕武成王。","year":-272},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。齐国答复：“必须以赵公子长安君做人质。”赵太后不答应，于是齐国的救兵便不出发。赵国大臣一再劝说赵太后，太后却公然对左右随从说：“谁再提让长安君去做人质的事，我老婆子就要往他脸上吐口水！”左师触龙求见赵太后，太后气冲冲地等待他进来。触龙却慢吞吞走过来坐下，道歉说：“老臣我腿脚不好，很久没有来看望太后了，常常以此自我宽恕。又担心太后的身体有什么不适，所以还是希望能见到太后。”赵太后说：“老婆子我只能靠人推车来往了。”触龙又问：“饭量也减少了吧？”太后说：“只喝粥而 已。”这时，太后脸上的不悦之色已稍稍宽解。触龙又说：“我的儿子舒祺，年岁最小，又不成器，而我因为年老，私下最怜爱他，想让他补个黑衣卫士的缺去护卫王宫，在此向您冒昧请求！”太后说：“可以。他年龄多大了？”回答说：“十五岁了。虽然还年轻，可我想趁我这把老骨头还没入土为他做个安排。”太后说：“大丈夫也知道疼爱小儿子吗？”回答说：“比妇人还厉害呢！”太后笑着说：“还是妇人更厉害！”触龙却说：“我觉得，老太太您爱女儿燕后胜过爱儿子长安君。”太后说：“你错了！我对燕后远不如对长安君。”触龙又说：“父母疼爱孩子，就要为他们考虑深远。老太太您送燕后出嫁时，抓住她的脚后跟直掉眼泪，想到她要到遥远的燕国去，心情十分哀伤。待到燕后离去，您不是不想她，可一逢祭祀就祝愿说：‘千万别让人把她退回来。’这难道不是为她长久打算，希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？”太后点头说：“是的。”触龙又说：“从现在起三代以前，赵王的子孙被封侯的，现在还有没有继承人在位的？”太后回答：“没有了。”触龙说：“这就是说，近的，灾祸殃及其身；远的，殃及其子孙。难道说君王封侯的儿子都不成才？只是因为他们地位尊贵而无军功，俸禄丰厚而无劳苦，却享有国家的许多宝器。如今老太太您提高小儿子长安君的地位，封给他良田美宅，赐给他许多宝器，却不让他趁现在为国家立功。一旦您不在世上，长安君靠什么在赵国自立呢？”太后恍然大悟说：“好吧，随你去安排他吧！”于是下令为长安君备齐一百乘车，去齐国做人质。齐国随即发兵，秦国军队便退回。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"燕国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"齐国安平君田单指挥赵国军队进攻燕国，夺取中阳；又攻打韩国，夺取注城。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"北部地区的人逃到燕国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 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意。秦王问：“楚国要杀死你才甘心，你为什么还要去？”张仪说：“秦国强，楚国弱，只要大王您在，估计楚国不敢把我怎么样。而且我和楚王的宠臣靳尚关系密切，靳尚又侍奉楚王的爱姬郑袖，郑袖的话，楚王没有不听的。”于是欣然前往楚国。楚王把他下在狱中，准备处死。靳尚对郑袖说：“秦王十分宠爱张仪，想用上庸等六个县及美女来赎回他。大王看重土地，又尊重秦国，那样秦国的美女将被宠幸，您就会遭到冷落。”于是郑袖日夜在楚王面前哭着哀求：“当年的事，不过是臣各为其主。现在要是杀了张仪，秦国必定震怒。我请求让我们母子两人先迁居江南，不要成为秦国刀下的鱼肉。”楚王于是赦免了张仪，还以厚礼相待。张仪劝说楚王道：“倡导各国联合抗秦，简直是赶着羊群去进攻猛虎，明显无法相斗。现在大王您不肯听命秦国，秦国如果逼迫韩国、驱使魏国来联合攻楚，楚国可就危险了。秦国西部有巴、蜀两地，备船积粮，沿岷江而下，一天可行五百余里，不到十天就兵临关。关惊动，则由此以东的各城都要修治守备，黔中、巫郡便不再是大王您的了。秦国如果大举甲兵攻出武关，那么楚国的北部就成为绝地，秦兵再南攻楚国，楚国的存亡只在三个月以内，而楚国等待各国来救援要在半年以上。坐等那些弱国来救，而忘记了强秦的威胁，我可要为大王您现在的做法担心啊！大王如果能诚心诚意地听我的意见，我可以让楚国、秦国永久结为兄弟之邦，不再互相攻杀。”楚王虽然已经得到了张仪，却又舍不得拿黔中之地来交换，于是同意了张仪的建议，让他离开。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国却有甲兵一百余万","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"张仪便前往韩国，劝说韩王：“韩国地方险恶多山，所产五谷，不是豆子而是杂麦，国家口粮积存不够两年，现在军中的士兵不过二十万，秦国却有甲兵一百余万。崤山以东的人要披上盔甲才可以参战，而秦国人个个赤膊便能上阵迎敌，左手提着人头，右手夹着俘虏。秦国用孟贲、乌获那些勇士们来进攻不肯臣服的弱国，正像在鸟蛋上压下千钧重石，无一可幸免。大王您不肯迎合秦国，若秦国发下甲兵占踞宜阳，扼守成皋，大王的国家就被分裂，鸿台的宫殿，桑林的园苑，就不再是您能享有的了。为大王着想，您不如结好秦国进攻楚国，既转嫁了祸灾又取得秦国欢心，没有比这更好的主意了！”韩王听从了张仪的意见。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"张仪回到秦国报告","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"张仪回到秦国报告，秦王封赏给他六个城邑和武信君的爵位。又派他向东游说齐王说：“主张联合抗秦的人，必对您说：‘齐国有三晋作屏障，地广人多，兵强士勇，即使有一百个秦国，也拿齐国无可奈何。’大王您也总是称赞这种说法而不考虑实际情况。现在秦、楚两国互通婚姻，结为兄弟之国；韩国献给秦国宜阳；魏国交出河外之地；赵王也去朝见秦王，割让河间讨好秦国。大王若是不迎合秦国，秦国将驱使韩国、魏国之兵进攻齐国南部，再逼迫赵兵倾巢而出，渡过清河，直指博关。那时临淄、即墨等齐国心腹地带可就不属于您所有了。等到国家遭受攻击的那天，您再想讨好秦国，也来不及了！”齐王同样采纳了张仪的建议。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"我们秦国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"张仪离开齐国，又向西游说赵王道：“大王带头联合各国抵抗秦国，使秦兵十五年不敢出函谷关侵犯各国。大王的威望在崤山以东传扬，我们秦国十分恐惧，缮甲厉兵，积蓄粮草，时刻担忧您的威慑，不敢放松警惕，唯恐大王您兴兵前来问罪。现在我们秦国托福您大王的神力，一举攻下巴、蜀，吞并汉中，包围两周，兵抵白马津。我们秦国虽然地处偏远，然而对赵国心含愤怒已不是一天了。如今秦国有一支不成样子的败甲残兵驻在渑池，愿意渡过黄河，越过漳水，进据番吾，前来邯郸城下相会。希望用古时甲子会战形式，重演武王伐纣的故事。为此，特派使臣我来通知您的左右。现在楚国与秦国结为兄弟之邦，韩国、魏国俯首称臣，齐国献出盛产鱼盐的海滨之地，这就像砍断了赵国的右臂。被砍断了右臂而与别人争斗，失去同党而又孤立无援，想要不灭亡，能办到吗！如果秦国派出三支大军，一支军队扼守午道，通知齐国渡过清河，在邯郸之东驻军；另一支军队驻扎成皋，驱使韩、魏军队进军河外；第三支军队驻扎渑池，约定四国联合攻赵，征服后必定四分其地。我为大王着想，不如与秦王当面亲口结下盟约，使两国成为长久的兄弟之国。”赵王也接受了张仪的劝说。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"最后，张仪北上到达燕国，对燕王说：“如今赵王已经去朝见秦王，并献出河间以迎合秦国。大王您不赶快结好秦国，秦国就会派甲兵到云中、九原，驱使赵国进攻燕国，易水、长城可就不是大王您的了！况且，现在齐国、赵国就像秦国的郡县一样，不敢妄起刀兵相攻伐。大王您服从秦国，就可以长年免除齐国、赵国的威胁了。”燕王于是请张仪献上恒山脚下的五个城以向秦国求和。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"都放弃了对秦国的许诺","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"张仪回国报告，还没到咸阳，秦惠王就去世了，其子秦武王继位。武王从做太子时就不喜欢张仪，等到他一即王位，郡臣中很多人便前来诽谤数说张仪的短处。各国听说张仪与秦王间发生矛盾,都放弃了对秦国的许诺，再次联合抗秦。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国乘机夺取三川地方","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"张仪向秦武王建议：“为大王您考虑，东方发生事变，大王才能乘机多割得土地。我听说齐王十分憎恨我，我居留在哪里，齐国必定要去攻打。我请求让我这个不肖之人到魏国去，齐国必定要讨伐魏国，齐国、魏国正打得难解难分的时候，大王便可以乘机攻打韩国，进军三川，挟持天子，掌握天下的版图，这是帝王大业呀！”秦王允许张仪到魏国去。齐国果然出兵攻魏，魏王十分惊恐。张仪安慰说：“大王不要担心！让我来退掉齐兵。”于是派他的手下人到楚国，借使臣之口对齐王说：“大王把张仪托付给秦国的办法真厉害呀！”齐王问：“怎么讲？”楚国使者说：“张仪离开秦国本来就是与秦王定下的计谋，想让齐、魏两国互相攻击而秦国乘机夺取三川地方。现在大王您果然攻打魏国，正是对内劳民伤财，对外结仇邻国，而使张仪重新获得秦王的信任。”齐王听罢，下令退兵回国。张仪在魏国做了一年的国相，便去世了。","year":-310},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国设置丞相职务","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国设置丞相职务，任命樗里疾为右丞相。","year":-309},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国、魏国在应城举行会议。","year":-308},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"寄居秦国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦王派甘茂去约定魏国共同进攻韩国，又让向寿作他的助手。甘茂命令向寿回国对秦王说：“魏国倒是听从了我的安排，不过我希望大王您不要进攻韩国！”秦王在息壤迎接甘茂，询问原因，甘茂回答说：“宜阳是个大县，其实应属郡一级。现在大王您下令面对多重险隘，不远千里，发兵进攻，是很困难的。鲁国有个与曾参同姓名的人杀了人，有人告诉曾参的母亲，他的母亲仍旧织布，泰然自若。等到先后来了三个人告诉她同样的事情，曾参母亲也扔下机杼，跳墙逃走了。我的贤良不如曾参，大王您对我的信任又不如曾参的母亲，猜疑我的人更不止三个人，所以我怕大王您将来也会有扔下机杼的举动。再说当年魏文侯任命乐羊为大将进攻中山国，三年才攻下。回来论功行赏，魏文侯向乐羊出示别人的指控书，多达一筐。乐羊一再叩头行礼说：‘这不是我的功劳，实在要归功于您信任啊！’现在我甘茂，是个寄居秦国的外籍人，樗里子、公孙将来抓住韩国的事情来攻击我，大王一定会听信他们。那时攻宜阳前功尽弃，结果是大王您背弃了与魏王的约定，而我遭受韩国国相公仲侈的怨恨。”秦王说：“我不会听他们的，可以和你起誓！”于是两人在息壤立下誓言。秋季，甘茂和名叫封的庶长率领大军前去攻打宜阳。","year":-308},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦王","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦昭王派向寿去平抚宜阳，又令樗里子、甘茂去攻打魏国。甘茂向秦王建议，把武遂归还给韩国。向寿、公孙坚决反对，但未能阻止，于是怨恨甘茂。甘茂心中恐惧，便中断对魏国蒲阪的进攻，逃走了。樗里子只好与魏国讲和退兵。结果甘茂投奔到齐国去了。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王进攻中山国，兵抵宁葭；又向西攻打胡人，直至榆中。胡人的林胡王献马求和。赵王归来，派楼缓出使秦国，仇液出使韩国，王贲出使楚国，富丁出使魏国，赵爵出使齐国；命代相赵固主持胡人部落事务，召集胡兵。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":16,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国宣太后异父弟为穰侯魏冉，同父弟为华阳君芈戎；秦王的同母弟为高陵君、泾阳君。其中魏冉最贤良，从秦惠王、秦武王时起，就担任要职。秦武王死后，各兄弟间争夺王位，只有魏冉能独力扶立秦昭王。秦昭王即位后，任命魏冉为将军，守卫咸阳。当年，名叫壮的庶长及大臣、诸公子阴谋作乱，被魏冉镇压下去；因受到牵连，惠文后被害死，悼武王后也离开秦国流落到魏国。与秦昭王不和的兄弟，全都被魏冉处死。因秦昭王年幼，宣太后便亲自管理国家，任用魏冉执政，使他的威势震慑全国。","year":-305},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦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。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":4,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国任中更之职的胡伤率军进攻赵国阏与，未能攻克。","year":-269},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":6,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国太子悼到魏国做人质，死在那里。","year":-267},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"出使秦国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏王派须贾出使秦国，应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他。须贾惊奇地问他：“范叔你还是很好啊！”留下他用饭，又拿出一件丝棉袍送给他。范睢便为须贾驾车前去丞相府，说：“我先为你去向丞相通报。”很久未出，须贾感到奇怪，便问丞相府守门人，守门人回答说：“没有什么范叔，刚才进去的是我们丞相张先生。”须贾大惊失色，知道自己落入圈套，只好用膝盖匍匐跪行进去谢罪。应侯坐在上面，怒斥他说：“你之所以还能不死，是我念你赠送丝袍还有一丝照顾故人的旧情！”于是大设酒宴，招待各国宾客，令须贾坐在堂下，放一盘黑豆、碎草之类的喂马饲料让他吃，然后命令他回国告诉魏王：“快快砍下魏齐的头送来，不然，我就杀尽魏都大梁城的人！”须贾回国，把这番话告诉魏齐，魏齐只好逃奔赵国，藏匿在平原君赵胜家里。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国宣太后去世。九月，魏冉离开咸阳回到陶邑。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国能够更加强大，都是穰侯的功劳。","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"臣司马光曰：穰侯魏冉拥立秦昭王，为他除去隐患威胁；举荐白起为大将，向南攻取鄢、郢两城，向东开拓地界到齐国，使各国向秦国俯首称臣。秦国能够更加强大，都是穰侯的功劳。虽然他恣意专权、骄傲贪婪已足以惹祸上身，但也没有到范睢说的那种地步。而范睢这个人，也并不能忠心为秦国谋划，就是想得到穰侯的位置，所以才扼住他的喉咙，予以抢夺。于是，使秦王断绝了母子间的情义，失去了舅甥间的恩爱。总之，范睢真是个颠覆他人的能手！","year":-265},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。齐国答复：“必须以赵公子长安君做人质。”赵太后不答应，于是齐国的救兵便不出发。赵国大臣一再劝说赵太后，太后却公然对左右随从说：“谁再提让长安君去做人质的事，我老婆子就要往他脸上吐口水！”左师触龙求见赵太后，太后气冲冲地等待他进来。触龙却慢吞吞走过来坐下，道歉说：“老臣我腿脚不好，很久没有来看望太后了，常常以此自我宽恕。又担心太后的身体有什么不适，所以还是希望能见到太后。”赵太后说：“老婆子我只能靠人推车来往了。”触龙又问：“饭量也减少了吧？”太后说：“只喝粥而 已。”这时，太后脸上的不悦之色已稍稍宽解。触龙又说：“我的儿子舒祺，年岁最小，又不成器，而我因为年老，私下最怜爱他，想让他补个黑衣卫士的缺去护卫王宫，在此向您冒昧请求！”太后说：“可以。他年龄多大了？”回答说：“十五岁了。虽然还年轻，可我想趁我这把老骨头还没入土为他做个安排。”太后说：“大丈夫也知道疼爱小儿子吗？”回答说：“比妇人还厉害呢！”太后笑着说：“还是妇人更厉害！”触龙却说：“我觉得，老太太您爱女儿燕后胜过爱儿子长安君。”太后说：“你错了！我对燕后远不如对长安君。”触龙又说：“父母疼爱孩子，就要为他们考虑深远。老太太您送燕后出嫁时，抓住她的脚后跟直掉眼泪，想到她要到遥远的燕国去，心情十分哀伤。待到燕后离去，您不是不想她，可一逢祭祀就祝愿说：‘千万别让人把她退回来。’这难道不是为她长久打算，希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？”太后点头说：“是的。”触龙又说：“从现在起三代以前，赵王的子孙被封侯的，现在还有没有继承人在位的？”太后回答：“没有了。”触龙说：“这就是说，近的，灾祸殃及其身；远的，殃及其子孙。难道说君王封侯的儿子都不成才？只是因为他们地位尊贵而无军功，俸禄丰厚而无劳苦，却享有国家的许多宝器。如今老太太您提高小儿子长安君的地位，封给他良田美宅，赐给他许多宝器，却不让他趁现在为国家立功。一旦您不在世上，长安君靠什么在赵国自立呢？”太后恍然大悟说：“好吧，随你去安排他吧！”于是下令为长安君备齐一百乘车，去齐国做人质。齐国随即发兵，秦国军队便退回。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克九座城，杀死五万人。","year":-264},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，夺取南阳；又攻打太行山道，予以切断。","year":-263},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国不如让楚太子回国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"楚顷襄王病重。黄歇对应侯范睢说：“现在楚王的病恐怕难以痊愈，秦国不如让楚太子回国。太子能够即位，一定会更加侍奉秦国，感戴相国您的无穷恩德，这样做既与邻国结好，又为秦国储存下一个有万乘兵车的帮手。如果不让太子回去，他只是咸阳城里一个普通老百姓而已。楚国再立一个君王，肯定不会侍奉秦国，那么秦国就失去友邦又断送了与一个有万乘兵车大国间的和平。不是上策。”应侯范睢把此话告诉秦王，秦王说：“让太子的老师先去看看楚王病 的情况，回来再做商议。”黄歇与楚太子盘算道：“秦国留下太子，想以此来换取利益。现在太子的力量又做不到什么有利秦国的事。阳文君的两个儿子都在楚国，楚王一旦去世，太子不在国中，阳文君的儿子肯定会被立为继承人，那么太子就不能接替祖业了。太子不如与使者一起逃离秦国，我留在这里，以死来对付秦王。”太子于是换上衣服扮作楚国使者的车夫混出关外；黄歇守在馆舍中，常常称太子生病谢绝来访。他估计太子已经走得很远，便自己去告诉秦王说：“楚国太子已经归国，走得很远了。我黄歇情愿领受死罪。”秦王勃然大怒，想照此处理。应侯范睢劝道：“黄歇作为臣下，献身以救他的主子，如果楚太子即位，一定会重用黄歇。我们不如赦免黄歇无罪放他回去，以与楚国结好。”秦王听从了劝告，放走黄歇。黄歇回到楚国三个月后的秋天，楚顷襄王去世，太子即位为楚考烈王；任命黄歇为国相，封给他淮河以北的领地，号称春申君。","year":-263},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"楚国把州陵献给秦国，以求和平。","year":-262},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克野王。上党与外界通道被切断。上党郡守冯亭与民间人士商议说：“去都城新郑的道路已经断绝，秦国军队每日推进，韩国又无法接应救援，不如以上党去归顺赵国。赵国如果接受我们，秦国必定进攻他们；赵国面对秦兵，一定会与韩国亲善，韩、赵联为一体，就可以抵挡秦国了。”于是派使者去告诉赵国说：“我们韩国无法守住上党，想把它献给秦国，但郡中官员百姓都心向赵国，不愿做秦国的属下。我们现有大邑共十七个，愿意恭敬地献给赵王！”赵王把此事告诉平阳君赵豹，赵豹说：“圣人认为接受无缘无故的利益不是好兆头。”赵王说：“别人仰慕我的恩德，怎么能说是无缘无故呢？”回答说：“秦国蚕食吞并韩国土地，从中切断，不使他们相通，本来以为可坐待上党归降。韩国人之所以不把它献给秦国，就是想嫁祸于赵国。秦国付出千辛万苦而赵国坐收其利，即使我们强大也不能这样从弱小手中夺取利益，何况我们本来就弱小无法与强大秦国相争。这难道还不是无缘无故吗？我们不应该接受上党。”赵王又把此事告诉平原君赵胜，赵胜却劝赵王接受。赵王于是派赵胜前去接收，封原上党太守为华阳君，赐给他三个拥有万户百姓的城市做封地；又封县令为侯，赐给三个拥有千户百姓的城镇做封地。官员和地方人士都晋爵三级。冯亭不愿见赵国使者，垂着泪说：“我实在不忍心出卖君主的土地还去享用它！”","year":-262},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国派左庶长王进攻上党","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派左庶长王进攻上党，予以攻克。上党百姓逃往赵国。赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平，接应上党逃来的百姓。王于是挥兵攻打赵国。赵军迎战，几战都不胜，一员副 将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国所怕的","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵兵屡次被秦军打败，廉颇便下令坚守营垒，拒不出战。赵王以为廉颇损兵折将后更加胆怯，不敢迎敌，气愤得多次斥责他。应侯范睢又派人用千金去赵国施行反间计，散布说：“秦国所怕的，只是马服君赵奢的儿子赵括做大将。廉颇好对付，而且他也快投降了！”赵王中计，便用赵括代替廉颇为大将。蔺相如劝阻说：“大王因为赵括有些名气就重用他，这是粘住调弦的琴柱再弹琴呀！赵括只知道死读他父亲的兵书，不知道随机应变。”赵王仍是不听。起初，赵括从小学习兵法时，就自以为天下无人可比。他曾与父亲赵奢讨论兵法，赵奢也难不倒他，但终究不说他有才干。赵括的母亲询问原因，赵奢说：“带兵打仗，就是出生入死，而赵括谈起来却很随便。赵国不用他为大将也还罢了，如果一定要用他，灭亡赵军的必定是赵括。”待到赵括将要出发，他的母亲急忙上书，指出赵括不能重用。赵王问：“为什么？”回答说：“当年我侍奉赵括的父亲，他做大将时，亲自去捧着饭碗招待的有几十位，他的朋友有 几百人。大王及宗室王族给他的赏赐，他全部分发给将士。他自接受命令之日起，就不再理睬家事。而赵括刚刚做了大将，就向东高坐，接受拜见，大小军官没人敢抬头正脸看他。大王赏给他的金银绸缎，全部拿回家藏起来，每天忙于察看有什么良田美宅可买的就买下。大王您以为他像父亲，其实他们父子用心完全不同。请大王千万不要派他去。”赵王却说：“老太太你不用管，我已经决定了。”赵括母亲便说：“万一赵括出了什么差错，我请求不要连累我治罪。”赵王同意了赵母的请求。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"强秦","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦王听说赵 括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国曾攻击韩国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国攻打赵国之初","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦王想为应侯范睢报仇雪恨，听说魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家，便用花言巧语诱骗赵胜到秦国，把他扣留起来，并且派出使臣对赵王说：“不得到魏齐的人头，我决不放你的弟弟赵胜出关。”魏齐无可奈何，走投无路，只好去找虞卿，虞卿舍弃了相印，与魏齐一起逃走。到了魏国，他们想借助信陵君魏无忌，逃到楚国去。信陵君十分为难，没有立即与他们见面。魏齐非常悲愤，便自杀了。赵王于是取到魏齐的人头去献给秦国，秦王才下令放回平原君。九月，秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国。武安君白起因患病，不能前去。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国虽然在长平一战大获全胜","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"正月，王陵进攻邯郸，几次失利，秦王便征发更多的兵丁去支援王陵；王陵损失了五校，仍不能胜。这时武安君白起病愈，秦王想派他去替代王陵。白起却说：“邯郸实在是不容易攻下的，而且诸侯救兵一天便可到达。那些国家对秦国的怨恨已经积蓄很久了。秦国虽然在长平一战大获全胜，但自己士兵也死亡过半，国内空虚，再长途跋涉去远攻别人的国都，这时如果赵国在内抵抗，各国在外围进攻，秦军必然大败。”秦王见亲自下命令不行，又让应侯范睢去劝说白起。白起始终以病坚决推辞，不肯前去，于是秦王只得派王去代替王陵。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"联合抗秦","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 斜视魏无忌，只见他态度仍然十分谦和，于是告辞朋友登车，到了魏无忌府第。魏无忌引侯嬴坐在上座，向各位宾客介绍称赞他，宾客们都很惊讶。这时秦兵围困赵国首都邯郸，赵国平原君赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐。赵胜派到魏国求救的使者车马接连不断，指责魏无忌说：“赵胜我之所以与您联成姻亲，就是仰慕您的高尚道义，能够急人之危。现在邯郸早晚要落入秦国手中而魏国援兵裹足不前，即使您看不起我赵胜鄙弃我，难道也不可怜您的姐姐吗？”魏无忌十分焦急，多次请魏王命令大将晋鄙进兵救赵，又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说，然而魏王始终不为所动。魏无忌只好聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵国以死相拼。他路过夷门，去见侯嬴。侯嬴只淡淡地说：“公子您好自为之吧，我老了不能前去！”魏无忌离开后，走了数里，心中闷闷不快，又转回去见侯嬴。侯嬴笑着说：“我早就知道公子会回来！如今您没有别的办法而亲身去迎战秦军，好比用肉去投打饿虎，能有什么结果！”魏无忌于是下车再拜请教计策。侯嬴屏退左右随从悄声说道：“我听说晋鄙的调兵兵符在魏王卧室里，他最宠爱的如姬，有办法偷出来。曾听说公子您为如姬报过杀父之仇，如姬表示愿意为您办事，万死不辞。公子只要一开口，就可以得到调兵的虎符，夺去晋鄙的兵权，北上救赵，西抗强秦，建立五霸的功业了。”魏无忌照他的办法去做，果然拿到了兵符。临行前，侯嬴又说：“大将出征在外，君王的命令可以不接受。假如晋鄙以此合验兵符后仍不交出兵权，再向魏王请示，那事情就危险了。我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士，可以与您一齐去。晋鄙如果听从，最好不过。如果不听从，可以让朱亥打死他！”于是魏无忌又邀请朱亥前去。到了邺城，晋鄙合验兵符后，仍很怀疑，摆手看着魏无忌说：“我率领十万大军在边境驻扎，而你只孤身单车前来替代我，是怎么回事呢？”朱亥立即从袖中掣出四十斤重的铁锥，打死晋鄙，魏无忌便部署军队，下令说：“父子两人都在军队中的，父亲可以回去！兄弟两人都在军队中的，哥哥可以回去！独子一个没有兄弟的，可以回去奉养父母！”于是选定八万士兵，挥军前进。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"告急使者往返于秦国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，秦王免除白起官爵，贬为士兵，把他迁到阴密。十二月，秦王调动更多士兵驻扎在汾城旁。被贬为士兵的白起因病，未能出征。各国援军向王进攻，王几次败退，告急使者往返于秦国，秦王羞恼，于是派人驱赶白起，不让他再滞留在咸阳城中。白起起身出了咸阳西门十里，到达杜邮。秦王又与应侯范睢等群臣议论说：“白起迁走时，怏怏不服，还有别的怨言。”秦王便派使者前去赐给他宝剑示意自裁，白起于是自杀。秦国人可怜他，城乡都祭祀他的灵位。","year":-257},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦军","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏无忌率领援军在邯郸城下大破秦军，王撤除邯郸围军退走。另一秦将郑安平被赵军包围，率领二万人投降赵国，重用郑安平的范睢因此也被秦王治罪。","year":-257},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国几次攻打赵国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国太子的夫人名叫华阳夫人，没有儿子；另一个夏姬生有儿子嬴异人。异人在赵国作人质，秦国几次攻打赵国，赵国人因此对他很不友善。异人又因为是秦王的庶孙，在国外作人质，车马及日常供给都不充盈，生活窘困，郁郁不得志。","year":-257},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"自己携带前去秦国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"阳翟有个大商人吕不韦去邯郸，见到嬴异人，说：“这是可以屯积起来卖好价钱的奇货呀！”于是前去拜见异人，说：“我可以提高你的门第！”异人笑着说：“你先提高自己的门第吧！”吕不韦说：“你不知道，我的门第要靠你的门第来提高。”异人心中知道他有所指，便邀他一起坐 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即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"最后死于赵国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"赵王分封乐毅于观津，对他十分尊宠。以此来警戒燕国和齐国。燕惠王便派人去批评乐毅，并道歉说：“乐将军你过于听信传言，因为与我有矛盾，就抛弃燕国跑到赵国。你这样做为自己打算是可以的，然而，又怎能报答先王对你的一片恩情呢？”乐毅回信答复道：“从前伍子胥的建议被吴王阖闾采纳，吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地；而继任吴王夫差不听他的话，把伍子胥的尸体装入皮囊抛进江中。夫差不明白伍子胥对先王的建议是吴国得以成就功业的根本，所以沉下伍子胥的尸体一点儿也不后悔。伍子胥不能早日看出不同的君王有不同的器量，所以尸体虽入江而魂灵仍怨愤不化。免去自身的灾祸，立就功业，以表明先王的心迹，是我的上策。自己遭到别人的诽谤，从而使先王的英名蒙上耻辱，是我最害怕的。但因为蒙受了不白之冤，就以新的宠幸为利益，谋算燕国，也是我在道义上绝不会做的。我听说古代的君子，与人断交绝不口出恶言；忠臣被迫离开祖国，也不去辩解洗雪自己的名声。我虽然不成器，也曾多次从古代君子身上得到教益。谨请大王明鉴。”于是燕王仍封乐毅的儿子乐为昌国君，而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"赵国、魏国联合进攻韩国华阳","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"赵国、魏国联合进攻韩国华阳。韩国向秦国告急，秦王不救。韩国相国对陈筮说：“事情危急了！希望你能抱病连夜走一遭！”陈筮到了秦国，拜见魏冉。魏冉冷笑道：“事情危急了吧？所以让你来。”陈筮却说：“不着急。”魏冉生气地问：“为什么？”陈筮回答：“韩国要是真的逼急了，就会转而投靠别的国家。现在还不算急，所以再来秦国求救。”魏冉忙说：“我答应出兵了。”于是与武安君白起及客卿胡阳率军救韩，八天后到达，在华阳城下击败魏军，又赶跑芒卯，俘虏三员敌将，杀死十三万人。白起又与赵军大将贾偃交战，设计在黄河中淹死赵兵二万人。魏国的段干子建议割让南阳给秦国以求和。苏代对魏王说：“段干子想掌握秦国的相印，秦国想占据魏国的领土。现在大王您让想夺地的秦国控制相印，让想要相印的段干子来控制魏国土地，互相勾结，魏国的土地就会丧失干净！献地去向秦国讨好，好比抱着干柴去救火，干柴烧不完，火是不会灭的。”魏王说：“话虽是如此，但是，事情已经开始进行，无法改变了。”苏代又劝说：“下棋时之所以重视‘枭子’，是因为这个棋子方便时可以吃子，不便时可以停止。现在大王使用智谋为什么还不如下棋用‘枭子’那样灵活呢？”魏王到底没有听从苏代的劝告，割让了南阳求和。南阳，实际上就是修武。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国派蔺相如进攻齐国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"赵国派蔺相如进攻齐国，兵抵平邑。","year":-271},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵国一个收田租的小官赵奢到平原君赵胜家去收租税，他的家人不肯交。赵奢以法处置，杀死平原君家中管事人九名。平原君十分恼怒，想杀死赵奢，赵奢便说：“您在赵国是贵公子，如果纵容家人而不奉公守法，法纪就会削弱，法纪削弱国家也就衰弱，国家衰弱则各国来犯，赵国便不存在了。您还到哪里找现在的富贵呢！以您的尊贵地位，带头奉公守法则上下一心，上下一心则国家强大，国家强大则赵家江山稳固，而您作为王族贵戚，难道会被各国轻视吗？”平原君认为赵奢很贤明，便介绍给赵王。赵王派他管理国家赋税，于是国家赋税征收顺利，人民富庶而国库充实。","year":-271},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国进攻赵国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻赵国，围困阏与城。赵王召见廉颇、乐乘问道：“可以援救吗？”两人都说：“道路遥远，更兼险峻，难救。”再问赵奢，赵奢回答说：“道路遥远险峻，就好比两只老鼠在洞穴中咬斗，将是勇敢者取胜。”赵王于是令赵奢率领军队前去援救。赵奢刚离开邯郸三十里就停止不前，下令军中说：“如有人谈及军事，一律处死！”","year":-270},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国军队驻扎在武安城西，列阵大喊大擂，武安城内的屋瓦都为之震动。赵军中一个军吏忍不住提议急救武安，被赵奢立即斩首。赵奢军坚守二十八天不动，反倒增修营垒。秦国一个间谍潜入赵军，赵奢佯装不知，用好吃好喝招待他。间谍回去报告秦军大将，秦军大将十分高兴地说：“援军离开国都三十里就按兵不动，还增修营垒，阏与一定不是赵国的了！”赵奢放走间谍以后，下令部队卷起盔甲悄声前进，一天一夜便到了离阏与五十里的地方，扎下营来，修起营垒。秦国军队听说后，披甲前往迎敌。赵奢军中有个军士许历要求提出军事建议，赵奢便召他进来。许历说：“秦军没想到赵军会到这里，他们来势盛气凌人。赵将军你一定要集中兵力排出战阵对付，不然必败。”赵奢说：“我接受你的指教。”许历以自己违反了军纪，请处死刑，赵奢忙说：“且慢，现在是邯郸那次军令以后的事了。”许历便再次提出建议说：“先占领北山的人必胜，后到的必败。”赵奢点头称是，立即派出一万人前去北山，秦军后到，争夺北山无法攻上。于是，赵奢指挥全军猛击秦国军队，秦军大败，撤去对阏与的包围，退兵而还。赵王因此封赵奢为马服君，与廉颇、蔺相如同等地位；又任命许历为国尉。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"以威逼楚国、赵国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":4,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国任中更之职的胡伤率军进攻赵国阏与，未能攻克。","year":-269},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"李兑统治赵国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏齐只好逃奔赵国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏王派须贾出使秦国，应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他。须贾惊奇地问他：“范叔你还是很好啊！”留下他用饭，又拿出一件丝棉袍送给他。范睢便为须贾驾车前去丞相府，说：“我先为你去向丞相通报。”很久未出，须贾感到奇怪，便问丞相府守门人，守门人回答说：“没有什么范叔，刚才进去的是我们丞相张先生。”须贾大惊失色，知道自己落入圈套，只好用膝盖匍匐跪行进去谢罪。应侯坐在上面，怒斥他说：“你之所以还能不死，是我念你赠送丝袍还有一丝照顾故人的旧情！”于是大设酒宴，招待各国宾客，令须贾坐在堂下，放一盘黑豆、碎草之类的喂马饲料让他吃，然后命令他回国告诉魏王：“快快砍下魏齐的头送来，不然，我就杀尽魏都大梁城的人！”须贾回国，把这番话告诉魏齐，魏齐只好逃奔赵国，藏匿在平原君赵胜家里。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"赵国赵惠文王去世，其子赵丹即位为赵孝成王；任用赵胜为国相。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。齐国答复：“必须以赵公子长安君做人质。”赵太后不答应，于是齐国的救兵便不出发。赵国大臣一再劝说赵太后，太后却公然对左右随从说：“谁再提让长安君去做人质的事，我老婆子就要往他脸上吐口水！”左师触龙求见赵太后，太后气冲冲地等待他进来。触龙却慢吞吞走过来坐下，道歉说：“老臣我腿脚不好，很久没有来看望太后了，常常以此自我宽恕。又担心太后的身体有什么不适，所以还是希望能见到太后。”赵太后说：“老婆子我只能靠人推车来往了。”触龙又问：“饭量也减少了吧？”太后说：“只喝粥而 已。”这时，太后脸上的不悦之色已稍稍宽解。触龙又说：“我的儿子舒祺，年岁最小，又不成器，而我因为年老，私下最怜爱他，想让他补个黑衣卫士的缺去护卫王宫，在此向您冒昧请求！”太后说：“可以。他年龄多大了？”回答说：“十五岁了。虽然还年轻，可我想趁我这把老骨头还没入土为他做个安排。”太后说：“大丈夫也知道疼爱小儿子吗？”回答说：“比妇人还厉害呢！”太后笑着说：“还是妇人更厉害！”触龙却说：“我觉得，老太太您爱女儿燕后胜过爱儿子长安君。”太后说：“你错了！我对燕后远不如对长安君。”触龙又说：“父母疼爱孩子，就要为他们考虑深远。老太太您送燕后出嫁时，抓住她的脚后跟直掉眼泪，想到她要到遥远的燕国去，心情十分哀伤。待到燕后离去，您不是不想她，可一逢祭祀就祝愿说：‘千万别让人把她退回来。’这难道不是为她长久打算，希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？”太后点头说：“是的。”触龙又说：“从现在起三代以前，赵王的子孙被封侯的，现在还有没有继承人在位的？”太后回答：“没有了。”触龙说：“这就是说，近的，灾祸殃及其身；远的，殃及其子孙。难道说君王封侯的儿子都不成才？只是因为他们地位尊贵而无军功，俸禄丰厚而无劳苦，却享有国家的许多宝器。如今老太太您提高小儿子长安君的地位，封给他良田美宅，赐给他许多宝器，却不让他趁现在为国家立功。一旦您不在世上，长安君靠什么在赵国自立呢？”太后恍然大悟说：“好吧，随你去安排他吧！”于是下令为长安君备齐一百乘车，去齐国做人质。齐国随即发兵，秦国军队便退回。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"齐国安平君田单指挥赵国军队进攻燕国，夺取中阳；又攻打韩国，夺取注城。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"田单任赵国国相。","year":-264},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克野王。上党与外界通道被切断。上党郡守冯亭与民间人士商议说：“去都城新郑的道路已经断绝，秦国军队每日推进，韩国又无法接应救援，不如以上党去归顺赵国。赵国如果接受我们，秦国必定进攻他们；赵国面对秦兵，一定会与韩国亲善，韩、赵联为一体，就可以抵挡秦国了。”于是派使者去告诉赵国说：“我们韩国无法守住上党，想把它献给秦国，但郡中官员百姓都心向赵国，不愿做秦国的属下。我们现有大邑共十七个，愿意恭敬地献给赵王！”赵王把此事告诉平阳君赵豹，赵豹说：“圣人认为接受无缘无故的利益不是好兆头。”赵王说：“别人仰慕我的恩德，怎么能说是无缘无故呢？”回答说：“秦国蚕食吞并韩国土地，从中切断，不使他们相通，本来以为可坐待上党归降。韩国人之所以不把它献给秦国，就是想嫁祸于赵国。秦国付出千辛万苦而赵国坐收其利，即使我们强大也不能这样从弱小手中夺取利益，何况我们本来就弱小无法与强大秦国相争。这难道还不是无缘无故吗？我们不应该接受上党。”赵王又把此事告诉平原君赵胜，赵胜却劝赵王接受。赵王于是派赵胜前去接收，封原上党太守为华阳君，赐给他三个拥有万户百姓的城市做封地；又封县令为侯，赐给三个拥有千户百姓的城镇做封地。官员和地方人士都晋爵三级。冯亭不愿见赵国使者，垂着泪说：“我实在不忍心出卖君主的土地还去享用它！”","year":-262},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派左庶长王进攻上党，予以攻克。上党百姓逃往赵国。赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平，接应上党逃来的百姓。王于是挥兵攻打赵国。赵军迎战，几战都不胜，一员副 将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"去赵国施行反间计","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵兵屡次被秦军打败，廉颇便下令坚守营垒，拒不出战。赵王以为廉颇损兵折将后更加胆怯，不敢迎敌，气愤得多次斥责他。应侯范睢又派人用千金去赵国施行反间计，散布说：“秦国所怕的，只是马服君赵奢的儿子赵括做大将。廉颇好对付，而且他也快投降了！”赵王中计，便用赵括代替廉颇为大将。蔺相如劝阻说：“大王因为赵括有些名气就重用他，这是粘住调弦的琴柱再弹琴呀！赵括只知道死读他父亲的兵书，不知道随机应变。”赵王仍是不听。起初，赵括从小学习兵法时，就自以为天下无人可比。他曾与父亲赵奢讨论兵法，赵奢也难不倒他，但终究不说他有才干。赵括的母亲询问原因，赵奢说：“带兵打仗，就是出生入死，而赵括谈起来却很随便。赵国不用他为大将也还罢了，如果一定要用他，灭亡赵军的必定是赵括。”待到赵括将要出发，他的母亲急忙上书，指出赵括不能重用。赵王问：“为什么？”回答说：“当年我侍奉赵括的父亲，他做大将时，亲自去捧着饭碗招待的有几十位，他的朋友有 几百人。大王及宗室王族给他的赏赐，他全部分发给将士。他自接受命令之日起，就不再理睬家事。而赵括刚刚做了大将，就向东高坐，接受拜见，大小军官没人敢抬头正脸看他。大王赏给他的金银绸缎，全部拿回家藏起来，每天忙于察看有什么良田美宅可买的就买下。大王您以为他像父亲，其实他们父子用心完全不同。请大王千万不要派他去。”赵王却说：“老太太你不用管，我已经决定了。”赵括母亲便说：“万一赵括出了什么差错，我请求不要连累我治罪。”赵王同意了赵母的请求。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国大为震惊","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦王听说赵 括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国武安、皮牢","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"秦国攻打赵国之初","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦王想为应侯范睢报仇雪恨，听说魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家，便用花言巧语诱骗赵胜到秦国，把他扣留起来，并且派出使臣对赵王说：“不得到魏齐的人头，我决不放你的弟弟赵胜出关。”魏齐无可奈何，走投无路，只好去找虞卿，虞卿舍弃了相印，与魏齐一起逃走。到了魏国，他们想借助信陵君魏无忌，逃到楚国去。信陵君十分为难，没有立即与他们见面。魏齐非常悲愤，便自杀了。赵王于是取到魏齐的人头去献给秦国，秦王才下令放回平原君。九月，秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国。武安君白起因患病，不能前去。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"如果赵国在内抵抗","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"正月，王陵进攻邯郸，几次失利，秦王便征发更多的兵丁去支援王陵；王陵损失了五校，仍不能胜。这时武安君白起病愈，秦王想派他去替代王陵。白起却说：“邯郸实在是不容易攻下的，而且诸侯救兵一天便可到达。那些国家对秦国的怨恨已经积蓄很久了。秦国虽然在长平一战大获全胜，但自己士兵也死亡过半，国内空虚，再长途跋涉去远攻别人的国都，这时如果赵国在内抵抗，各国在外围进攻，秦军必然大败。”秦王见亲自下命令不行，又让应侯范睢去劝说白起。白起始终以病坚决推辞，不肯前去，于是秦王只得派王去代替王陵。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"我攻打赵国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 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威势来恐吓各国，以使各国割地。我劝大王好好地想一想！为大王着想，不如联合韩、魏、齐、楚、燕、赵各国为友邦，抵抗秦国，让各国派出大将、国相在洹水举行会议，互换人质，结成同盟，共同宣誓：‘如果秦国攻打某一国，其他五国都要派出精兵，或者进行牵制，或者进行救援。哪一国不遵守盟约，其他五国就一起讨伐它！’各国结成盟邦来对抗秦国，秦国就再也不敢派兵出函谷关来侵害崤山以东各国了。”赵肃侯听罢大喜，将苏秦奉为上宾，赏赐丰厚，让他去约会各国。","year":-333},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"韩国方圆九百多里，有几十万甲士","segment_index":29,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"于是苏秦又劝说韩宣惠王：“韩国方圆九百多里，有几十万甲士，天下的强弓、劲弩、利剑都产于韩国。韩国士兵双脚踏弩射箭，能连续百发以上。用这样勇猛的士兵，披上坚固的盔甲，张起强劲的弓弩，手持锋利宝剑，一个顶百个也不在话下。大王若是屈服秦国，秦国必定索要宜阳、成皋两城，现在满足了它，明年还会要割别的地。再给它已无地可给，不给又白费了以前的讨好，要蒙受后祸。况且大王的地有限而秦国的贪欲无止，以有限的地来迎合无穷的贪求，这正是自找苦吃，没打一仗就丢了土地。俗话说得好：‘宁为鸡口，无为牛后。’大王您这样贤明，拥有韩国的强兵，而落个尾从的名声，那时我也背地里要为您害羞了！”韩王听从了苏秦的劝说。","year":-333},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"韩国、魏国之所以十分害崐怕秦国，是因为与秦国接壤","segment_index":29,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"苏秦再游说齐王说：“齐国四面要塞，广袤二千余里，披甲士兵几十万，谷积如山。精良的三军，郊外二十县的五都之兵，进攻像离弦利箭，作战如雷霆万钧，解散似风雨扫过。有了他们，即使遇到战事，也不用到泰山、清河、渤海一带去征兵。临淄城里有七万户，以我的猜度，每户男子不下三人，不用到边远县乡去征发，仅临淄城里的人已够二十一万兵了。临淄城富庶殷实，居民都斗鸡、赛狗、下棋、踢球。临淄的道路上，车多得互相碰撞，人多得摩肩接踵，衣服连起来成了帷帐，众人挥汗如同下雨。那韩国、魏国之所以十分害崐怕秦国，是因为与秦国接壤，出兵对阵，作战用不了十天，就到了存亡的生死关头。韩国、魏国如果打败了秦国，自身也损伤过半，边境难守；如果败给秦国，那么紧接着国家就濒临危亡。所以韩国、魏国对与秦国作战十分慎重，常常表示屈服忍让。而秦国来攻齐国就不一样了，要背靠韩国、魏国的国土，经过卫国阳晋之路，再经过亢父的险隘，车辆、骑兵都难以并行。只要有一百人守住险要，一千人也不敢通过。秦国即使想驱兵深入，也要顾忌韩、魏两国在它背后的活动，所以它虽骄横，却又疑心重重，虚张声势而不敢冒进攻齐，以此而见，秦国难以危害齐国是明显的。而你们不仔细考虑秦国对齐国的无可奈何，却要向西俯首称臣，这是齐国群臣的失策。现在听我的建议，齐国可以免去屈服于秦国的卑名，而获得强国的实际利益，因此我希望大王您能留意划算一下！”齐王也应允了苏秦的建议。","year":-333},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"韩国、燕国都自称为王","segment_index":38,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"韩国、燕国都自称为王，唯独赵国赵武灵王当时还不愿称王，他说：“没有这样的实力，怎么敢用这样的名分！”命令国中人称呼他为君。","year":-323},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻韩国，夺取鄢陵。","year":-319},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"楚国、赵国、魏国、韩国、燕国联合讨伐秦国，进攻函谷关。秦国出兵迎敌，五国联军败退而回。","year":-318},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":4,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国在鱼大败韩国军队，杀死八万人，于浊泽俘虏韩军大将和申差。各国震惊。","year":-317},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国又可能来侵犯","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"巴国、蜀国互相攻击，都来向秦国告急求救，秦惠王想出兵讨伐蜀国，但顾虑道路险峻难行，韩国又可能来侵犯，所以犹豫不决。司马错建议他仍旧出兵伐蜀，张仪却说：“不如去征讨韩国。”秦惠王说：“请谈谈你的见解。”张仪便陈述道：“我们应该与魏国、楚国亲善友好，然后出兵黄河、伊水、洛水一带，攻取新城、宜阳，兵临东西周王都，控制象征王权的九鼎和天下版图，挟持天子以号令天下，各国就不敢不从，这是称王的大业。我听人说，要博取名声应该去朝廷，要赚取金钱应该去集市。现在的黄河、伊洛一带和周朝王室，正好比天下的朝廷和集市，而大王您不去那里争雄，反倒纠缠于远方的戎狄小族争斗，这可不是帝王的大业啊！”司马错反驳张仪说：“不对。我也听说有这样的话：想要使国家富强必须先开拓疆土，想要使军队强大必须先让老百姓富庶，想要成就帝王大业必须先树立德望。这三个条件具备，帝王大业也就水到渠成。现在大王的国家地小民贫，所以我建议先从容易之事做起。蜀国，是西南偏僻之国，又是戎狄之族的首领，政治昏乱，如同夏桀、商纣；以秦国大兵攻蜀，就像狼入羊群一样。攻占它的土地可以扩大秦国疆域，夺取它的财富可以赡养百姓，而军队不须有大的伤亡就可以使蜀国屈服。这样，吞并一个国家而天下并不认为秦国强暴，获取广泛的利益天下也不认为秦国贪婪，我们一举两得、名利双收，更享有除暴安良的美誉。秦国若是攻打韩国、劫持周天子，就会臭名远扬，也不见得有什么实际利益。蒙受不义之名，攻打天下人所不愿攻占的地方，那可是很危险的！请让我细说其中的原因：周朝，是天下尊崇的王室；齐国，是韩国的亲睦友邦。周朝自知要失去九鼎，韩国自知要失去伊洛一带领土，两国将会齐心合力，共同谋划，求得齐国、赵国的援助，并与有旧怨的楚国、魏国和解，甚至不惜把鼎送给楚国，把土地割让给魏国，对此，大王您只能束手无策。这就是我所说的危险所在。所以，攻打蜀国才是十拿九稳的上策。”秦惠王听从了司马错的建议，起兵伐蜀，仅用了十个月就攻克全境，把蜀王降为侯，又任命陈庄为蜀国国相。蜀国为秦国吞并以后，秦国更加富庶和强盛而轻视周围各国。","year":-316},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国将太子韩仓送到秦国作为人质","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏国反叛秦国，于是秦国讨伐魏国，攻占曲沃城，却将城中百姓驱归魏国。又在岸门打败韩国，韩国将太子韩仓送到秦国作为人质，以求和好。","year":-314},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国韩宣惠王去世，其子韩仓即位为韩襄王。","year":-312},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"秦国如果逼迫韩国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦惠王派人通知楚怀王，想用武关以外的地方换黔中之地。楚王说：“我不愿换地，只想用黔中之地来换张仪。”张仪听说后，请求秦王同 意。秦王问：“楚国要杀死你才甘心，你为什么还要去？”张仪说：“秦国强，楚国弱，只要大王您在，估计楚国不敢把我怎么样。而且我和楚王的宠臣靳尚关系密切，靳尚又侍奉楚王的爱姬郑袖，郑袖的话，楚王没有不听的。”于是欣然前往楚国。楚王把他下在狱中，准备处死。靳尚对郑袖说：“秦王十分宠爱张仪，想用上庸等六个县及美女来赎回他。大王看重土地，又尊重秦国，那样秦国的美女将被宠幸，您就会遭到冷落。”于是郑袖日夜在楚王面前哭着哀求：“当年的事，不过是臣各为其主。现在要是杀了张仪，秦国必定震怒。我请求让我们母子两人先迁居江南，不要成为秦国刀下的鱼肉。”楚王于是赦免了张仪，还以厚礼相待。张仪劝说楚王道：“倡导各国联合抗秦，简直是赶着羊群去进攻猛虎，明显无法相斗。现在大王您不肯听命秦国，秦国如果逼迫韩国、驱使魏国来联合攻楚，楚国可就危险了。秦国西部有巴、蜀两地，备船积粮，沿岷江而下，一天可行五百余里，不到十天就兵临关。关惊动，则由此以东的各城都要修治守备，黔中、巫郡便不再是大王您的了。秦国如果大举甲兵攻出武关，那么楚国的北部就成为绝地，秦兵再南攻楚国，楚国的存亡只在三个月以内，而楚国等待各国来救援要在半年以上。坐等那些弱国来救，而忘记了强秦的威胁，我可要为大王您现在的做法担心啊！大王如果能诚心诚意地听我的意见，我可以让楚国、秦国永久结为兄弟之邦，不再互相攻杀。”楚王虽然已经得到了张仪，却又舍不得拿黔中之地来交换，于是同意了张仪的建议，让他离开。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国地方险恶多山","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"张仪便前往韩国，劝说韩王：“韩国地方险恶多山，所产五谷，不是豆子而是杂麦，国家口粮积存不够两年，现在军中的士兵不过二十万，秦国却有甲兵一百余万。崤山以东的人要披上盔甲才可以参战，而秦国人个个赤膊便能上阵迎敌，左手提着人头，右手夹着俘虏。秦国用孟贲、乌获那些勇士们来进攻不肯臣服的弱国，正像在鸟蛋上压下千钧重石，无一可幸免。大王您不肯迎合秦国，若秦国发下甲兵占踞宜阳，扼守成皋，大王的国家就被分裂，鸿台的宫殿，桑林的园苑，就不再是您能享有的了。为大王着想，您不如结好秦国进攻楚国，既转嫁了祸灾又取得秦国欢心，没有比这更好的主意了！”韩王听从了张仪的意见。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国献给秦国宜阳","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"张仪回到秦国报告，秦王封赏给他六个城邑和武信君的爵位。又派他向东游说齐王说：“主张联合抗秦的人，必对您说：‘齐国有三晋作屏障，地广人多，兵强士勇，即使有一百个秦国，也拿齐国无可奈何。’大王您也总是称赞这种说法而不考虑实际情况。现在秦、楚两国互通婚姻，结为兄弟之国；韩国献给秦国宜阳；魏国交出河外之地；赵王也去朝见秦王，割让河间讨好秦国。大王若是不迎合秦国，秦国将驱使韩国、魏国之兵进攻齐国南部，再逼迫赵兵倾巢而出，渡过清河，直指博关。那时临淄、即墨等齐国心腹地带可就不属于您所有了。等到国家遭受攻击的那天，您再想讨好秦国，也来不及了！”齐王同样采纳了张仪的建议。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国、魏国俯首称臣","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"张仪离开齐国，又向西游说赵王道：“大王带头联合各国抵抗秦国，使秦兵十五年不敢出函谷关侵犯各国。大王的威望在崤山以东传扬，我们秦国十分恐惧，缮甲厉兵，积蓄粮草，时刻担忧您的威慑，不敢放松警惕，唯恐大王您兴兵前来问罪。现在我们秦国托福您大王的神力，一举攻下巴、蜀，吞并汉中，包围两周，兵抵白马津。我们秦国虽然地处偏远，然而对赵国心含愤怒已不是一天了。如今秦国有一支不成样子的败甲残兵驻在渑池，愿意渡过黄河，越过漳水，进据番吾，前来邯郸城下相会。希望用古时甲子会战形式，重演武王伐纣的故事。为此，特派使臣我来通知您的左右。现在楚国与秦国结为兄弟之邦，韩国、魏国俯首称臣，齐国献出盛产鱼盐的海滨之地，这就像砍断了赵国的右臂。被砍断了右臂而与别人争斗，失去同党而又孤立无援，想要不灭亡，能办到吗！如果秦国派出三支大军，一支军队扼守午道，通知齐国渡过清河，在邯郸之东驻军；另一支军队驻扎成皋，驱使韩、魏军队进军河外；第三支军队驻扎渑池，约定四国联合攻赵，征服后必定四分其地。我为大王着想，不如与秦王当面亲口结下盟约，使两国成为长久的兄弟之国。”赵王也接受了张仪的劝说。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"乘机攻打韩国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"张仪向秦武王建议：“为大王您考虑，东方发生事变，大王才能乘机多割得土地。我听说齐王十分憎恨我，我居留在哪里，齐国必定要去攻打。我请求让我这个不肖之人到魏国去，齐国必定要讨伐魏国，齐国、魏国正打得难解难分的时候，大王便可以乘机攻打韩国，进军三川，挟持天子，掌握天下的版图，这是帝王大业呀！”秦王允许张仪到魏国去。齐国果然出兵攻魏，魏王十分惊恐。张仪安慰说：“大王不要担心！让我来退掉齐兵。”于是派他的手下人到楚国，借使臣之口对齐王说：“大王把张仪托付给秦国的办法真厉害呀！”齐王问：“怎么讲？”楚国使者说：“张仪离开秦国本来就是与秦王定下的计谋，想让齐、魏两国互相攻击而秦国乘机夺取三川地方。现在大王您果然攻打魏国，正是对内劳民伤财，对外结仇邻国，而使张仪重新获得秦王的信任。”齐王听罢，下令退兵回国。张仪在魏国做了一年的国相，便去世了。","year":-310},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"共同进攻韩国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦王派甘茂去约定魏国共同进攻韩国，又让向寿作他的助手。甘茂命令向寿回国对秦王说：“魏国倒是听从了我的安排，不过我希望大王您不要进攻韩国！”秦王在息壤迎接甘茂，询问原因，甘茂回答说：“宜阳是个大县，其实应属郡一级。现在大王您下令面对多重险隘，不远千里，发兵进攻，是很困难的。鲁国有个与曾参同姓名的人杀了人，有人告诉曾参的母亲，他的母亲仍旧织布，泰然自若。等到先后来了三个人告诉她同样的事情，曾参母亲也扔下机杼，跳墙逃走了。我的贤良不如曾参，大王您对我的信任又不如曾参的母亲，猜疑我的人更不止三个人，所以我怕大王您将来也会有扔下机杼的举动。再说当年魏文侯任命乐羊为大将进攻中山国，三年才攻下。回来论功行赏，魏文侯向乐羊出示别人的指控书，多达一筐。乐羊一再叩头行礼说：‘这不是我的功劳，实在要归功于您信任啊！’现在我甘茂，是个寄居秦国的外籍人，樗里子、公孙将来抓住韩国的事情来攻击我，大王一定会听信他们。那时攻宜阳前功尽弃，结果是大王您背弃了与魏王的约定，而我遭受韩国国相公仲侈的怨恨。”秦王说：“我不会听他们的，可以和你起誓！”于是两人在息壤立下誓言。秋季，甘茂和名叫封的庶长率领大军前去攻打宜阳。","year":-308},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国相公仲侈","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"甘茂率军进攻宜阳，过了五个月还没有攻克。樗里子、公孙果然争相指责他。秦王便派人去召甘茂，想罢兵回国。甘茂只说：“息壤还在原来的地方。”秦王恍然大悟，说：“有这回事。”于是征发全部兵力去协助甘茂，结果杀死韩军六万人，攻陷宜阳。韩国相公仲侈只好来谢罪求和。","year":-307},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦昭王派向寿去平抚宜阳，又令樗里子、甘茂去攻打魏国。甘茂向秦王建议，把武遂归还给韩国。向寿、公孙坚决反对，但未能阻止，于是怨恨甘茂。甘茂心中恐惧，便中断对魏国蒲阪的进攻，逃走了。樗里子只好与魏国讲和退兵。结果甘茂投奔到齐国去了。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王进攻中山国，兵抵宁葭；又向西攻打胡人，直至榆中。胡人的林胡王献马求和。赵王归来，派楼缓出使秦国，仇液出使韩国，王贲出使楚国，富丁出使魏国，赵爵出使齐国；命代相赵固主持胡人部落事务，召集胡兵。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"楚王与齐国、韩国订立同盟。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国的武遂","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国攻取魏国蒲阪、晋阳、封陵；又夺去韩国的武遂。","year":-303},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐国、韩国、魏国因为楚国背叛抗秦同盟，联合出兵攻打楚国。","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"齐国、韩国、魏国因为楚国背叛抗秦同盟，联合出兵攻打楚国。楚王派太子芈横作为人质，向秦国求救。秦国派名叫通的客卿率军队援救楚国，三国联军于是退走。","year":-303},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦王、魏王、韩国太子韩婴在临晋举行会议，韩国太子又前往秦国咸阳后才归去，秦国把蒲阪归还给魏国。","year":-302},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国穰城","segment_index":20,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国夺取韩国穰城。","year":-301},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"秦国把武遂归还韩国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国，到了盐氏地方即行撤回。秦国把武遂归还韩国，把封陵归还魏国，以求和解。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"韩国韩襄王去世，其子韩咎即位为韩王。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国派大将公孙喜联合魏国攻打秦国","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"韩国派大将公孙喜联合魏国攻打秦国。秦国穰侯把任左更之职的白起推荐给秦王，代替向寿统率秦军，结果在伊阙大败韩、魏联军，杀死二十四万人，活捉公孙喜，夺取五座城。秦王便任命白起为国尉。","year":-293},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻韩国，攻克宛。","year":-291},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国把武遂地方圆二百里献给秦国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"魏国把河东地方圆四百里、韩国把武遂地方圆二百里献给秦国。","year":-290},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"齐王灭掉宋国后十分骄傲，便向南侵入楚国，向西攻打赵、魏、韩国，想吞并东西二周，自立为天子。狐义正辞严地劝谏他，被斩首于檀台大路上。陈举直言不讳地劝止，被杀死在东门。","year":-285},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国军队","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"燕王调动全部兵力，以乐毅为上将军。秦国尉斯离率军队与韩、赵、魏联军也前来会合。赵王把相国大印授给乐毅，乐毅统一指挥秦、魏、韩、赵大军发动进攻。齐王集中国内全部人力进行抵御，双方在济水西岸大战。齐国军队大败。乐毅便退回秦国、韩国军队，令魏国军队分兵进攻宋国旧地，布署赵国军队去收复河间。自己率领燕军，由北长驱直入齐国。剧辛劝说道：“齐国大，燕国小，依靠各国的帮助我们才打败齐军，应该及时地攻取边境城市充实燕国领土，这才是长久的利益。现在大军过城不攻，一味深入，既无损于齐国又无益于燕国，只能结下深怨，日后必定要后悔。”乐毅说：“齐王好大喜功，刚愎自用，不与下属商议，又罢黜贤良人士，专门信任谀谄小人，政令贪虐暴戾，百姓十分怨愤。现在齐国军队已溃不成军，如果我们乘胜追击，齐国百姓必然反叛，内部发生动乱，齐国就可以收拾了。如果不抓住时机，等到齐王痛改前非，体贴臣下而抚恤百姓，我们就难办了。”于是下令进军深入齐国。齐国果然大乱，失去常度，齐王出逃。乐毅率军进入齐都临淄，搜刮宝物和祭祀重器，运回燕国。燕王亲自到济水上游去慰劳军队，颁行奖赏，犒劳将士；燕王封乐为昌国君，让他留在齐国进攻其余未克的城市。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国","segment_index":17,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。周王派东周的武公对楚国任令尹职的昭子说：“周朝可不能算计。”昭子说：“要说算计周朝，那是没有的事。尽管如此，我想问你，周朝为什么不能灭掉？”武公回答：“西周现在的地盘，取长补短，也不过方圆一百里。抢占这块地方并不足以使哪个国家富强，得到那里的百姓也不足以壮大军队。但西周却有天下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有爪牙之利，假如再给它披上一张诱人的虎皮，人们猎取它的欲望一定会增加万倍。楚国的情形正是这样，分割楚国的领土，足以使自己富庶；讨伐楚国的名义，又足以有尊崇周王室的声名。楚国要是残害了天下共同拥戴的周王朝，占有了夏、商、周三代相传的礼器，你刚把礼器运回南方，各国证讨的大兵也就到了！”令尹昭子觉得言之有理，于是放弃了楚国原来的打算。","year":-281},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国派暴鸢率军救魏","segment_index":23,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国相国穰侯魏冉进攻魏国。韩国派暴鸢率军救魏，魏冉大破韩军，杀死四万人。暴鸢逃往开封。魏国只好献出八座城求和。魏冉却继续攻打魏国，赶走魏将芒卯，进军北宅。魏国又割让温邑再行求和。","year":-275},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国向秦国告急","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"赵国、魏国联合进攻韩国华阳。韩国向秦国告急，秦王不救。韩国相国对陈筮说：“事情危急了！希望你能抱病连夜走一遭！”陈筮到了秦国，拜见魏冉。魏冉冷笑道：“事情危急了吧？所以让你来。”陈筮却说：“不着急。”魏冉生气地问：“为什么？”陈筮回答：“韩国要是真的逼急了，就会转而投靠别的国家。现在还不算急，所以再来秦国求救。”魏冉忙说：“我答应出兵了。”于是与武安君白起及客卿胡阳率军救韩，八天后到达，在华阳城下击败魏军，又赶跑芒卯，俘虏三员敌将，杀死十三万人。白起又与赵军大将贾偃交战，设计在黄河中淹死赵兵二万人。魏国的段干子建议割让南阳给秦国以求和。苏代对魏王说：“段干子想掌握秦国的相印，秦国想占据魏国的领土。现在大王您让想夺地的秦国控制相印，让想要相印的段干子来控制魏国土地，互相勾结，魏国的土地就会丧失干净！献地去向秦国讨好，好比抱着干柴去救火，干柴烧不完，火是不会灭的。”魏王说：“话虽是如此，但是，事情已经开始进行，无法改变了。”苏代又劝说：“下棋时之所以重视‘枭子’，是因为这个棋子方便时可以吃子，不便时可以停止。现在大王使用智谋为什么还不如下棋用‘枭子’那样灵活呢？”魏王到底没有听从苏代的劝告，割让了南阳求和。南阳，实际上就是修武。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"韩国韩王去世，其子即位为韩桓惠王。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"穰侯越过韩国、魏国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"齐国安平君田单指挥赵国军队进攻燕国，夺取中阳；又攻打韩国，夺取注城。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克九座城，杀死五万人。","year":-264},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，夺取南阳；又攻打太行山道，予以切断。","year":-263},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克野王。上党与外界通道被切断。上党郡守冯亭与民间人士商议说：“去都城新郑的道路已经断绝，秦国军队每日推进，韩国又无法接应救援，不如以上党去归顺赵国。赵国如果接受我们，秦国必定进攻他们；赵国面对秦兵，一定会与韩国亲善，韩、赵联为一体，就可以抵挡秦国了。”于是派使者去告诉赵国说：“我们韩国无法守住上党，想把它献给秦国，但郡中官员百姓都心向赵国，不愿做秦国的属下。我们现有大邑共十七个，愿意恭敬地献给赵王！”赵王把此事告诉平阳君赵豹，赵豹说：“圣人认为接受无缘无故的利益不是好兆头。”赵王说：“别人仰慕我的恩德，怎么能说是无缘无故呢？”回答说：“秦国蚕食吞并韩国土地，从中切断，不使他们相通，本来以为可坐待上党归降。韩国人之所以不把它献给秦国，就是想嫁祸于赵国。秦国付出千辛万苦而赵国坐收其利，即使我们强大也不能这样从弱小手中夺取利益，何况我们本来就弱小无法与强大秦国相争。这难道还不是无缘无故吗？我们不应该接受上党。”赵王又把此事告诉平原君赵胜，赵胜却劝赵王接受。赵王于是派赵胜前去接收，封原上党太守为华阳君，赐给他三个拥有万户百姓的城市做封地；又封县令为侯，赐给三个拥有千户百姓的城镇做封地。官员和地方人士都晋爵三级。冯亭不愿见赵国使者，垂着泪说：“我实在不忍心出卖君主的土地还去享用它！”","year":-262},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国、魏国派苏代","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"进攻韩国，夺取阳城、负黍","segment_index":16,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派名叫的将军进攻韩国，夺取阳城、负黍，杀死四万人。再进攻赵国，夺取二十几个县，杀死、俘虏九万人。周赧王十分恐惧，便背弃秦国，与各国联合抗秦，派各国精锐部队出伊阙进攻秦国，使秦国不能通行到阳城。秦王派将军进攻西周，周赧王来到秦国，叩头领罪，献出全部三十六个城市，三万人口。秦王接受了他的进献，放周赧王回到东周。当年，周赧王驾崩。","year":-256},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"韩","segment_index":20,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"齐国攻打燕国，夺取桑兵。魏、韩、赵三国攻打齐国，兵至桑丘。","year":-380},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"韩","segment_index":22,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏、韩、赵三国攻打齐国，兵至灵丘。","year":-378},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"韩","segment_index":24,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏、韩、赵三国一同把晋靖公废黜为平民，瓜分了他的残余领地。","year":-376},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"任命韩为国相","segment_index":28,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"韩国严遂杀死韩哀侯，国中贵族立哀侯之子，是为韩懿侯。当初，韩哀侯曾任命韩为国相却宠爱严遂，两人互相仇恨至深。严遂派人在朝廷行刺韩，韩逃到韩哀侯身边，韩哀侯抱住他，刺客刺韩，连带韩哀侯也被刺死。","year":-371},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"魏、赵、韩三国夺去了先王开创的河西领土","segment_index":6,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦孝公在国中下令说：“当年我国的国君秦穆公，立足于岐山、雍地，励精图治，向东平定了晋国之乱，以黄河划定国界；向西称霸于戎翟等族，占地广达千里；被周王赐与方伯重任，各诸侯国都来祝贺，所开辟的基业是多么光大宏伟。只是后来历代国君厉公、躁公、简公及出子造成国内动乱不息，才无力顾及外事。魏、赵、韩三国夺去了先王开创的河西领土，这是无比的耻崐辱。到献公即位时，平定安抚边境，把都城迁到栎阳，亲往治理，准备向东征讨，收复穆公时的旧地，重修穆公时的政策法令。我想到先辈的未竟之志，常常痛心疾首。现在宾客群臣中谁能献上奇计，让秦国强盛，我就封他为高官，给他封地。”卫国的公孙鞅听到这道命令，于是西行来到秦国。","year":-361},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"韩","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"卫国把自己的爵位降低为侯，臣服于韩、赵、魏三国。","year":-346},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"与楚、韩、齐、赵接壤的边界","segment_index":4,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"张仪劝说魏襄王道：“魏国地方不满千里，士兵不足三十万，地势四下平坦，没有崇关大河的险要。防军分别守卫与楚、韩、齐、赵接壤的边界，用来扼守要塞的不过十万人，所以，魏国历来是厮杀的战场。各国约定联合抗秦，在洹水结盟，作为兄弟之邦互相救援。然而同一父母的亲兄弟，有时还为争夺钱财互相残杀，各国之间，想靠反复无常小人苏秦的一番伎俩，就结成同盟，明显是不足恃的。大王您不与秦国结好，秦国就会发兵进攻河外，占据卷县、酸枣等地，袭击卫国，夺取阳晋。那时，赵国不能南下，魏国也不能北上，南北隔绝，就谈不上联合抗秦，大王您的国家想避免危险也不可能了。所以我希望大王您能深思熟虑，拿定主意，让我辞去魏国相位，回秦国去筹划修好。”魏王于是背弃了联合抗秦的盟约，派张仪前往秦国去求和。张仪回到秦国，再次出任国相。","year":-317},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩","segment_index":9,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"春季，秦、楚两国军队在丹阳大战，楚军大败，八万甲士被杀，屈及以下的列侯、执圭等七十多名官员被俘。秦军乘势夺取了汉中郡。楚王又征发国内全部兵力再次袭击秦国，在蓝田决战，楚军再次大败。韩、魏等国见楚国危困，也向南袭击楚国，直达邓。楚国听说了，只好率军回救，割让两座城向秦国求和。","year":-312},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_des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意。秦王问：“楚国要杀死你才甘心，你为什么还要去？”张仪说：“秦国强，楚国弱，只要大王您在，估计楚国不敢把我怎么样。而且我和楚王的宠臣靳尚关系密切，靳尚又侍奉楚王的爱姬郑袖，郑袖的话，楚王没有不听的。”于是欣然前往楚国。楚王把他下在狱中，准备处死。靳尚对郑袖说：“秦王十分宠爱张仪，想用上庸等六个县及美女来赎回他。大王看重土地，又尊重秦国，那样秦国的美女将被宠幸，您就会遭到冷落。”于是郑袖日夜在楚王面前哭着哀求：“当年的事，不过是臣各为其主。现在要是杀了张仪，秦国必定震怒。我请求让我们母子两人先迁居江南，不要成为秦国刀下的鱼肉。”楚王于是赦免了张仪，还以厚礼相待。张仪劝说楚王道：“倡导各国联合抗秦，简直是赶着羊群去进攻猛虎，明显无法相斗。现在大王您不肯听命秦国，秦国如果逼迫韩国、驱使魏国来联合攻楚，楚国可就危险了。秦国西部有巴、蜀两地，备船积粮，沿岷江而下，一天可行五百余里，不到十天就兵临关。关惊动，则由此以东的各城都要修治守备，黔中、巫郡便不再是大王您的了。秦国如果大举甲兵攻出武关，那么楚国的北部就成为绝地，秦兵再南攻楚国，楚国的存亡只在三个月以内，而楚国等待各国来救援要在半年以上。坐等那些弱国来救，而忘记了强秦的威胁，我可要为大王您现在的做法担心啊！大王如果能诚心诚意地听我的意见，我可以让楚国、秦国永久结为兄弟之邦，不再互相攻杀。”楚王虽然已经得到了张仪，却又舍不得拿黔中之地来交换，于是同意了张仪的建议，让他离开。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国交出河外之地","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"张仪回到秦国报告，秦王封赏给他六个城邑和武信君的爵位。又派他向东游说齐王说：“主张联合抗秦的人，必对您说：‘齐国有三晋作屏障，地广人多，兵强士勇，即使有一百个秦国，也拿齐国无可奈何。’大王您也总是称赞这种说法而不考虑实际情况。现在秦、楚两国互通婚姻，结为兄弟之国；韩国献给秦国宜阳；魏国交出河外之地；赵王也去朝见秦王，割让河间讨好秦国。大王若是不迎合秦国，秦国将驱使韩国、魏国之兵进攻齐国南部，再逼迫赵兵倾巢而出，渡过清河，直指博关。那时临淄、即墨等齐国心腹地带可就不属于您所有了。等到国家遭受攻击的那天，您再想讨好秦国，也来不及了！”齐王同样采纳了张仪的建议。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"韩国、魏国俯首称臣","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"张仪离开齐国，又向西游说赵王道：“大王带头联合各国抵抗秦国，使秦兵十五年不敢出函谷关侵犯各国。大王的威望在崤山以东传扬，我们秦国十分恐惧，缮甲厉兵，积蓄粮草，时刻担忧您的威慑，不敢放松警惕，唯恐大王您兴兵前来问罪。现在我们秦国托福您大王的神力，一举攻下巴、蜀，吞并汉中，包围两周，兵抵白马津。我们秦国虽然地处偏远，然而对赵国心含愤怒已不是一天了。如今秦国有一支不成样子的败甲残兵驻在渑池，愿意渡过黄河，越过漳水，进据番吾，前来邯郸城下相会。希望用古时甲子会战形式，重演武王伐纣的故事。为此，特派使臣我来通知您的左右。现在楚国与秦国结为兄弟之邦，韩国、魏国俯首称臣，齐国献出盛产鱼盐的海滨之地，这就像砍断了赵国的右臂。被砍断了右臂而与别人争斗，失去同党而又孤立无援，想要不灭亡，能办到吗！如果秦国派出三支大军，一支军队扼守午道，通知齐国渡过清河，在邯郸之东驻军；另一支军队驻扎成皋，驱使韩、魏军队进军河外；第三支军队驻扎渑池，约定四国联合攻赵，征服后必定四分其地。我为大王着想，不如与秦王当面亲口结下盟约，使两国成为长久的兄弟之国。”赵王也接受了张仪的劝说。","year":-311},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"张仪在魏国做了一年的国相","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"张仪向秦武王建议：“为大王您考虑，东方发生事变，大王才能乘机多割得土地。我听说齐王十分憎恨我，我居留在哪里，齐国必定要去攻打。我请求让我这个不肖之人到魏国去，齐国必定要讨伐魏国，齐国、魏国正打得难解难分的时候，大王便可以乘机攻打韩国，进军三川，挟持天子，掌握天下的版图，这是帝王大业呀！”秦王允许张仪到魏国去。齐国果然出兵攻魏，魏王十分惊恐。张仪安慰说：“大王不要担心！让我来退掉齐兵。”于是派他的手下人到楚国，借使臣之口对齐王说：“大王把张仪托付给秦国的办法真厉害呀！”齐王问：“怎么讲？”楚国使者说：“张仪离开秦国本来就是与秦王定下的计谋，想让齐、魏两国互相攻击而秦国乘机夺取三川地方。现在大王您果然攻打魏国，正是对内劳民伤财，对外结仇邻国，而使张仪重新获得秦王的信任。”齐王听罢，下令退兵回国。张仪在魏国做了一年的国相，便去世了。","year":-310},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国人公孙衍","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"张仪与苏秦都以合纵、连横的政治权术游说各国，达到富贵的高位，使天下人争相效法。还有个魏国人公孙衍，名号犀首，也以能说会道著称。其余的苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之流，纷纭而起，遍于天下，务必以诡辩诈术一争高下，多得举不胜举。然而还要数张仪、苏秦、公孙衍当时名声最为显赫。","year":-310},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国、魏国在应城举行会议。","year":-308},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国倒是听从了我的安排","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦王派甘茂去约定魏国共同进攻韩国，又让向寿作他的助手。甘茂命令向寿回国对秦王说：“魏国倒是听从了我的安排，不过我希望大王您不要进攻韩国！”秦王在息壤迎接甘茂，询问原因，甘茂回答说：“宜阳是个大县，其实应属郡一级。现在大王您下令面对多重险隘，不远千里，发兵进攻，是很困难的。鲁国有个与曾参同姓名的人杀了人，有人告诉曾参的母亲，他的母亲仍旧织布，泰然自若。等到先后来了三个人告诉她同样的事情，曾参母亲也扔下机杼，跳墙逃走了。我的贤良不如曾参，大王您对我的信任又不如曾参的母亲，猜疑我的人更不止三个人，所以我怕大王您将来也会有扔下机杼的举动。再说当年魏文侯任命乐羊为大将进攻中山国，三年才攻下。回来论功行赏，魏文侯向乐羊出示别人的指控书，多达一筐。乐羊一再叩头行礼说：‘这不是我的功劳，实在要归功于您信任啊！’现在我甘茂，是个寄居秦国的外籍人，樗里子、公孙将来抓住韩国的事情来攻击我，大王一定会听信他们。那时攻宜阳前功尽弃，结果是大王您背弃了与魏王的约定，而我遭受韩国国相公仲侈的怨恨。”秦王说：“我不会听他们的，可以和你起誓！”于是两人在息壤立下誓言。秋季，甘茂和名叫封的庶长率领大军前去攻打宜阳。","year":-308},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦昭王派向寿去平抚宜阳，又令樗里子、甘茂去攻打魏国。甘茂向秦王建议，把武遂归还给韩国。向寿、公孙坚决反对，但未能阻止，于是怨恨甘茂。甘茂心中恐惧，便中断对魏国蒲阪的进攻，逃走了。樗里子只好与魏国讲和退兵。结果甘茂投奔到齐国去了。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王进攻中山国，兵抵宁葭；又向西攻打胡人，直至榆中。胡人的林胡王献马求和。赵王归来，派楼缓出使秦国，仇液出使韩国，王贲出使楚国，富丁出使魏国，赵爵出使齐国；命代相赵固主持胡人部落事务，召集胡兵。","year":-306},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"流落到魏国","segment_index":16,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国宣太后异父弟为穰侯魏冉，同父弟为华阳君芈戎；秦王的同母弟为高陵君、泾阳君。其中魏冉最贤良，从秦惠王、秦武王时起，就担任要职。秦武王死后，各兄弟间争夺王位，只有魏冉能独力扶立秦昭王。秦昭王即位后，任命魏冉为将军，守卫咸阳。当年，名叫壮的庶长及大臣、诸公子阴谋作乱，被魏冉镇压下去；因受到牵连，惠文后被害死，悼武王后也离开秦国流落到魏国。与秦昭王不和的兄弟，全都被魏冉处死。因秦昭王年幼，宣太后便亲自管理国家，任用魏冉执政，使他的威势震慑全国。","year":-305},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国蒲阪、晋阳、封陵","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦国攻取魏国蒲阪、晋阳、封陵；又夺去韩国的武遂。","year":-303},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐国、韩国、魏国因为楚国背叛抗秦同盟，联合出兵攻打楚国。","segment_index":18,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"齐国、韩国、魏国因为楚国背叛抗秦同盟，联合出兵攻打楚国。楚王派太子芈横作为人质，向秦国求救。秦国派名叫通的客卿率军队援救楚国，三国联军于是退走。","year":-303},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦王、魏王、韩国太子韩婴在临晋举行会议，韩国太子又前往秦国咸阳后才归去，秦国把蒲阪归还给魏国。","year":-302},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"把封陵归还魏国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国，到了盐氏地方即行撤回。秦国把武遂归还韩国，把封陵归还魏国，以求和解。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"魏国魏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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国、魏国、楚国共同进攻燕国。","year":-272},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"起初，魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国，齐襄王听说他能言善辩，私下赠给他金子及酒食。须贾以为范睢把魏国的秘密告诉了齐国，回国后便向魏国宰相魏齐告发。魏齐十分震怒，下令鞭打范睢，折断了肋骨，打脱了牙齿。范睢只好装死，被卷进竹席，抛到厕所，魏齐还派醉酒的宾客向他身上溺尿，以惩戒后人，不得妄言。范睢悄悄对看守说：“你放出我，我必有重谢。”看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉，魏齐正喝醉了酒，便说：“可以。”范睢这才得以脱身。事后魏齐后悔，又派人去搜索范睢。魏国人郑安平把范睢藏匿起来，改换姓名叫张禄。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国、韩国，位于中原","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"攻打魏国","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦王听从范睢的计策，派五大夫绾攻打魏国，攻克怀地。","year":-268},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":6,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国太子悼到魏国做人质，死在那里。","year":-267},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国邢丘","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏都大梁城","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏王派须贾出使秦国，应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他。须贾惊奇地问他：“范叔你还是很好啊！”留下他用饭，又拿出一件丝棉袍送给他。范睢便为须贾驾车前去丞相府，说：“我先为你去向丞相通报。”很久未出，须贾感到奇怪，便问丞相府守门人，守门人回答说：“没有什么范叔，刚才进去的是我们丞相张先生。”须贾大惊失色，知道自己落入圈套，只好用膝盖匍匐跪行进去谢罪。应侯坐在上面，怒斥他说：“你之所以还能不死，是我念你赠送丝袍还有一丝照顾故人的旧情！”于是大设酒宴，招待各国宾客，令须贾坐在堂下，放一盘黑豆、碎草之类的喂马饲料让他吃，然后命令他回国告诉魏王：“快快砍下魏齐的头送来，不然，我就杀尽魏都大梁城的人！”须贾回国，把这番话告诉魏齐，魏齐只好逃奔赵国，藏匿在平原君赵胜家里。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国派左庶长王进攻上党，予以攻克。上党百姓逃往赵国。赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平，接应上党逃来的百姓。王于是挥兵攻打赵国。赵军迎战，几战都不胜，一员副 将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国、魏国派苏代","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"孔斌在魏国任相共九个月","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"到了魏国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦王想为应侯范睢报仇雪恨，听说魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家，便用花言巧语诱骗赵胜到秦国，把他扣留起来，并且派出使臣对赵王说：“不得到魏齐的人头，我决不放你的弟弟赵胜出关。”魏齐无可奈何，走投无路，只好去找虞卿，虞卿舍弃了相印，与魏齐一起逃走。到了魏国，他们想借助信陵君魏无忌，逃到楚国去。信陵君十分为难，没有立即与他们见面。魏齐非常悲愤，便自杀了。赵王于是取到魏齐的人头去献给秦国，秦王才下令放回平原君。九月，秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国。武安君白起因患病，不能前去。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 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十里而能统一号令天下的例子，就是商王汤。没听说过拥有千里之广的国家而总是畏惧别人的。《尚书》说：“盼望我们的君主，他来了我们就可以获得解救。’现在燕国虐待它的百姓，大王前往征服它，燕国人民认为是从水深火热中拯救了他们，都箪食壶浆前来迎接仁义之师。您如果杀了他们的父兄，囚捕他们的子弟，毁坏他们的祖庙，掠夺他们的国宝，那可就不行了。天下本来就畏惧齐国的强大，现在齐国土地又增加了一倍，如果不施行仁政，那么就会招致天下的讨伐。大王您应该立即下令，释放被捕的老幼百姓，停止掠夺燕国的财宝，与燕国民众商议，推举新的国君，然后离开燕国，这样做还来得及。”齐王却没有采纳孟轲的劝告。","year":-314},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"不久，燕国人果然纷纷反叛齐国，齐王叹息道：“我真惭愧没听孟轲的话。”陈贾说：“大王不用担心。”于是他前去见孟轲，问：“周公是什么样的人？”回答说：“是古代的圣人。”陈贾又说：“周公派管叔监视商朝旧地，管叔却在商地反叛。难道周公预先知道管叔会反叛而仍派他去吗？”回答：“周公预先不知道。”陈贾便说：“如此说来圣人也会犯错误吗？”孟轲说：“周公，是弟弟，管叔，是哥哥，周公的错误是可以理解的。况且古代的君子，有了错误就改；现在的所谓君子，有了错误听之任之。古代的君子，他的过失像日食月食，人民都看得到；待到他改正，人民便更加景仰他。现在的君子，不但听任错误不改，反而寻找托辞。”","year":-314},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"同年，齐国齐宣王去世，其子田地即位为齐王。","year":-314},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐国与楚国有互助条约","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"秦王想征伐齐国，又顾虑齐国与楚国有互助条约，便派张仪前往楚国。张仪对楚王说：“大王如果能听从我的建议，与齐国废除盟约，断绝邦交，我可以向楚国献上商於地方的六百里土地，让秦国的美女 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了一点小利去欺骗人民，对外为了追求大的利益不怕欺骗友邦。对内不好好治理自己已有的东西，却常常觊觎别人的成果。这样，臣下百姓就无不以奸诈之心对待上司。上欺下，下瞒上，于是上下关系分崩离析。这样，便使敌对国家轻视，友好国家不信任，权术泛滥而国家日益削弱，走向极端，终于灭亡，齐王、孟尝君便是如此。齐王要强大齐国，不去提倡礼义，不去修明政治，不去统一天下的思想，只是成年累月地骑马在外面征战。所以齐国强大的时候，向南能够打败楚国，向西能够逼迫秦国，向北可以战胜燕国，在中原能够征服宋国。然而燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐，便如摧枯拉朽。齐王身死国亡，成为天下共同声讨的对象，后世提起暴君总要举他为例。这不是别的原因，就是因为他不崇尚礼义而沉溺权术。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国大小城市望风崩溃","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"乐毅听说昼邑人王贤良，下令围绕昼邑三十里周围不得进入军队，又派人请王，王辞谢不去。燕国人威胁说：“你要是不来，我们就在昼邑屠城！”王叹息说：“忠臣不事二君，烈女不更二夫。国破君亡，我不能使崐之保存，而自身又被燕人逼迫，我与其苟且偷生，不如一死！”于是把脖子系在树枝上，纵身一跃，自尽而死。燕国军队乘胜长驱直入，齐国大小城市望风崩溃。乐毅整肃燕军纪律，禁止侵掠，寻访齐国的隐士高人，致以荣誉礼待。还放宽人民赋税，革除苛刻的法令，恢复齐国旧的良好传统，齐国人民都十分喜悦。乐毅于是调左军在胶东东莱渡过胶水；前军沿泰山脚下向东到达渤海，进攻琅邪；右军循着黄河、济水而下，屯扎在东阿、鄄城，与魏国军队相连；后军沿北海镇抚千乘，中军占据临淄，镇守齐国国都。他还亲至城郊祭祀齐桓公、管仲，表彰齐国的贤良人才，赐封修治王的陵墓。经过收敛人心，齐国人接受燕国所封君号、领取俸禄的有二十余人；接受燕国爵位的有一百多人。六个月之内，燕军攻下齐国七十余座城，都设立郡县治理。","year":-284},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国发生淖齿杀王之乱","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐国发生淖齿杀王之乱时，齐王的儿子田法章改名易姓躲到莒地太史敫家做雇工。太史敫的女儿惊奇田法章的像貌伟岸，认为不是普通人的气质，便可怜他，常常私下送给他衣服和食物，久而久之，两人已暗中结为夫妻。王孙贾是齐王的随臣，乱中找不到主子的下落，他的母亲说：“你早出晚归，我倚着大门盼望；你夜出不回，我靠着街门等待。你如今服侍君王，君王离开了，你却不知道他的下落，你还回来做什么！”王孙贾便来到集市振臂高呼：“淖齿搞乱齐国，杀害王。愿意和我一起去干掉他的就把右臂伸出来！”集市上的人有四百多人随他前去攻击淖齿，把他杀掉了。于是齐国的大臣们四下搜寻齐王的儿子，想立他为王。田法章害怕人们加害自己，过了很久才敢自己说明身份，于是大家拥立他为齐王，坚守莒城以抵抗燕军。在全国宣布：“齐王已经在莒地即位了！”","year":-283},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国大臣管仲","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"荀况论曰：卫成侯和卫嗣君，都是斤斤计较的小器量国君，没有做到招揽民心。郑国大臣子产，能招揽民心，但没有做到为政精明。齐国大臣管仲，能为政精明，但没有做到倡导礼义。由此而见，倡导礼义的人才能称王，治政精明的人可以使国家富强，招揽民心的人可以使国家安定，而搜刮者只能灭亡。","year":-283},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国","segment_index":17,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。周王派东周的武公对楚国任令尹职的昭子说：“周朝可不能算计。”昭子说：“要说算计周朝，那是没有的事。尽管如此，我想问你，周朝为什么不能灭掉？”武公回答：“西周现在的地盘，取长补短，也不过方圆一百里。抢占这块地方并不足以使哪个国家富强，得到那里的百姓也不足以壮大军队。但西周却有天下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有爪牙之利，假如再给它披上一张诱人的虎皮，人们猎取它的欲望一定会增加万倍。楚国的情形正是这样，分割楚国的领土，足以使自己富庶；讨伐楚国的名义，又足以有尊崇周王室的声名。楚国要是残害了天下共同拥戴的周王朝，占有了夏、商、周三代相传的礼器，你刚把礼器运回南方，各国证讨的大兵也就到了！”令尹昭子觉得言之有理，于是放弃了楚国原来的打算。","year":-281},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"当时齐国大部分地区都被燕军占领","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，燕国军队攻打齐国安平时，临淄市的一个小官田单正在城中，他预先让家族人都用铁皮包上车轴头。待到城破，人们争相涌出城门，都因为车轴互相碰断，车辆损坏难行，被燕军俘虏，只有田单一族因铁皮包裹车轴得以幸免，逃到了即墨。当时齐国大部分地区都被燕军占领，仅有莒城、即墨未沦陷。乐毅于是集中右军、前军包围莒城，集中左军、后军包围即墨。即墨大夫出战身亡。即墨人士说：“安平之战，田单一族人因铁皮包轴得以保全，可见田单足智多谋，熟悉兵事。”于是共同拥立他为守将抵御燕军。乐毅围攻两城，一年未能攻克，便下令解除围攻，退至城外九里处修筑营垒，下令说：“城中的百姓出来不要抓捕他们，有困饿的还要赈济，让他们各操旧业，以安抚新占地区的人民。”过了三年，城还未攻下。有人在燕昭王面前挑拨说：“乐毅智谋过人，进攻齐国，一口气攻 克七十余城。现在只剩两座城，不是他的兵力不能攻下，之所以三年不攻，就是他想倚仗兵威来收服齐国人心，自己好南面称王而已。如今齐国人心已服，他之所以还不行动，就是因为妻子、儿子在燕国。况且齐国多有美女，他早晚将忘记妻子。希望大王早些防备！”燕昭王听罢下令设置盛大酒宴，拉出说此话的人斥责道：“先王倡导全国礼待贤明人才，并不是为了多得土地留给子孙。他不幸遇到继承人缺少德行，不能完成大业，使国内人民怨愤不从，无道的齐国趁着我们国家动乱得以残害先王。我即位以后，对此痛心疾首，才广泛延请群臣，对外招揽宾客，以求报仇。谁能使我成功，我愿意和他分享燕国大权。现在乐毅先生为我大破齐国，平毁齐国宗庙，报却了旧仇，齐国本来就应归乐先生所有，不是燕国该得到的。乐先生如果能拥有齐国，与燕国成为平等国家，结为友好的邻邦，抵御各国的来犯，这正是燕国的福气、我的心愿啊！你怎么敢说这种话呢！”于是将挑 拨者处死。又赏赐乐毅妻子以王后服饰，赏赐他的儿子以王子服饰，配备君王车驾乘马，及上 百辆属车，派宰相侍奉送到乐毅那里，立乐毅为齐王。乐毅十分惶恐，不敢接受，一再拜谢，写下辞书，并宣誓以死效忠燕王。从此齐国人敬服燕国乐毅的德义，各国也畏惧他的信誉，没有再敢来算计的。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"不久，燕昭王去世，燕惠王即位。惠王从当太子时，就与乐毅有矛盾。田单听说了，便派人去燕国用反间计，散布说：“齐王已经死了，齐国仅有两座城未被攻克。乐毅与燕国新王有矛盾，害怕加祸不敢回国，他现在以攻打齐国为名，实际想率领军队在齐国称王。齐国人没有归附，所以他暂缓进攻 即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国失去的七十几座城都复归","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"这时，田单下令让城中人吃饭时，先在庭院里祭祀祖先，四处飞鸟争吃祭饭都盘旋落到城中，燕军很是惊讶，田单又让人散布说：“会有天神派军师下界来帮助我们。”有个士兵说：“我可以做神师吗？”说罢起身便走。田单急忙离座追回他，让他面东高坐，奉为神师。士兵说：“我犯上欺主了。”田单忙悄声嘱咐：“你不要说出去。”便以他为师，每当发布号令，都必称奉神师之命。田单又令人散布说：“我就怕燕军把齐国俘虏割去鼻子，作为前导，那样即墨城就完了！”燕国人听说，果然这样做了。城中守兵看到投降燕军的人都被割去鼻子，万分痛恨，决心坚守不降，唯恐被俘。田单再使出反间计，说：“我怕燕军掘毁我们的城外坟墓，那样齐国人就寒心了。”燕军又中计，把城外坟墓尽行挖毁，焚烧死尸。齐国人从城上远远望见，都痛哭流涕，争相请求出战，怒气倍增。田单知道这时军士已经可以死战，于是带头拿起版、锹和士卒一起筑城，把自己的妻妾编进军队，还分发全部食品犒劳将士。他下令让披甲士兵都潜伏在城下，只以老弱人员、女子登城守卫，又派人去燕军中约定投降，燕军都欢呼万岁。田单在城中百姓中募集到一千镒金银，让即墨城的富豪送给燕军大将，说：“我们马上就投降。请不要抢劫掠夺我们的家族！”燕国将军大喜，立刻应允。燕军戒备更加松懈。田单在城中搜罗到一千余头牛，给牛披上大红绸衣，绘上五彩天龙花纹，在牛角上绑束尖刀，而在牛尾绑上灌好油脂的苇草，然后点燃，趁着夜色，从预先凿好的几十个城墙洞中，赶牛冲出，后而紧随着五千名壮士。牛尾部被火燎烧，都惊怒地奔向燕军大营。燕军大惊失色，看到牛身上都是天龙花纹，碰到的不是死就是伤。加上城中敲锣打鼓齐声呐喊，老弱居民也敲击铜器助威，响声惊天动地。燕国军队万分恐惧，纷纷败逃。齐军趁乱杀死燕军大将骑劫，追杀逃亡的燕军，所经过的城邑都叛离燕国，再度归顺齐国。田单的军队越来越多，乘胜而入，燕军日日望风而逃，逃到黄河边，齐国失去的七十几座城都复归。田单于是前往莒城迎齐襄王回国都临淄，襄王册封田单为安平君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"以此来警戒燕国和齐国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"赵王分封乐毅于观津，对他十分尊宠。以此来警戒燕国和齐国。燕惠王便派人去批评乐毅，并道歉说：“乐将军你过于听信传言，因为与我有矛盾，就抛弃燕国跑到赵国。你这样做为自己打算是可以的，然而，又怎能报答先王对你的一片恩情呢？”乐毅回信答复道：“从前伍子胥的建议被吴王阖闾采纳，吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地；而继任吴王夫差不听他的话，把伍子胥的尸体装入皮囊抛进江中。夫差不明白伍子胥对先王的建议是吴国得以成就功业的根本，所以沉下伍子胥的尸体一点儿也不后悔。伍子胥不能早日看出不同的君王有不同的器量，所以尸体虽入江而魂灵仍怨愤不化。免去自身的灾祸，立就功业，以表明先王的心迹，是我的上策。自己遭到别人的诽谤，从而使先王的英名蒙上耻辱，是我最害怕的。但因为蒙受了不白之冤，就以新的宠幸为利益，谋算燕国，也是我在道义上绝不会做的。我听说古代的君子，与人断交绝不口出恶言；忠臣被迫离开祖国，也不去辩解洗雪自己的名声。我虽然不成器，也曾多次从古代君子身上得到教益。谨请大王明鉴。”于是燕王仍封乐毅的儿子乐为昌国君，而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":9,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"田单出任齐国国相","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[9],"source_sentence":"田单出任齐国国相，有次路过淄水，见到一个老人渡淄水时冻得直哆嗦，走出水面时已不能前行。田单便解下自己的皮袍给他披上。齐襄王听说 后十分厌恶，说：“田单对别人施恩，是打算夺我的国位，我不早下手，恐怕以后会有变故！”说完一看左右无人，只在殿阶下有个穿珠子的人，襄王便召他过来问道：“你听见我的话了吗？”回答：“听见了。”襄王问：“你觉得怎么样？”回答说：“大王不如把此事变成自己的善行。大王可以嘉奖田单的善心，下令说：‘我忧虑人民的饥饿，田单就收养他们，供给饮食；我忧虑人民的寒冷，田单就脱下皮袍给他们披上；我忧虑人民的操劳，田单也因此忧虑。他正符合我的心意。‘田单有善行而大王嘉奖他，那么田单的善行也就是大王的善行了。”襄王说：“好。”于是赏赐田单酒宴。过了几天，穿珠子的人又来见齐襄王说：“大王应该在群臣朝见时召见田单，在殿庭上致谢，亲自慰劳他。然后布告国内寻找百姓中饥饿者，予以收养。”襄王这样做后，派人到街头里巷去探听，听到大夫等官员互相说：“哦！田单疼爱百姓，是大王的教诲呀！”","year":-279},{"chunk_index":10,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[10],"source_sentence":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":11,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"光复齐国沦亡土地","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[11],"source_sentence":"田单准备攻打狄族，前去见鲁仲连，鲁仲连说：“将军您去攻狄，恐怕攻不下来。”田单说：“当年我以即墨的残兵败将击破拥有万乘战车的燕军，光复齐国沦亡土地；现在会攻不下狄族，有什么道理？”上车扬长而去。于是田单率军进攻狄族，三个月也未能攻克。齐国小孩子在歌谣中讥讽唱道：“大冠像簸箕，长剑撑面皮，攻狄不能下，枯骨垒成丘。”田单开始惊惧起来，又去问鲁仲连：“先生早日说我攻不下狄族，请让我知道原因。”鲁仲连说：“将军在即墨的时候，坐着，手编草鞋；站着，手拿铁锹；带领士兵们唱歌道：‘无可往矣！宗庙亡矣！今日有没有救，看我们有没有胆！’当时，将军有战死的决心，士兵无偷生的念头，听见您的号召无不挥泪奋臂，决一死战，所以才能打败燕军。现在将军您东面有掖邑丰厚的俸禄，西边有淄上封地的游乐，腰系黄金带，驰骋于淄水、渑水之间，有的只是生活的乐趣，而无战死之心，所 以无法取胜啊！”田单说：“我田单有这样的决心，是先生您为我下的。”第二天，他振奋精神，亲临城下，站在箭雨弹雹之中，手持鼓捶，击鼓进军，于是攻克了狄族大营。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":12,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"与各国联合攻破齐国","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[12],"source_sentence":"起初，齐王灭掉宋国以后，想驱逐在薛地的孟尝君，孟尝君便投奔魏国，魏昭王任用他为国相，与各国联合攻破齐国，齐王死后，齐襄王光复国土，而孟尝君独立于各国之间，无所依属。齐襄王因为新即位，害怕孟尝君，便与他和好。孟尝君死后，几个儿子争夺权力，齐国、魏国趁机共同灭掉薛地，于是孟尝君断了后代。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":24,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"魏国重新与齐国联合抗秦。秦国派魏冉进攻魏国，攻陷四城，杀四万人。","year":-274},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"已经在艾陵战胜齐国","segment_index":25,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"赵国派蔺相如进攻齐国，兵抵平邑。","year":-271},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"进攻齐国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"魏冉向秦王介绍名叫灶的客卿，派他率军进攻齐国，夺取刚、寿两地，用来扩大自己的陶邑封地。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"起初，魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国，齐襄王听说他能言善辩，私下赠给他金子及酒食。须贾以为范睢把魏国的秘密告诉了齐国，回国后便向魏国宰相魏齐告发。魏齐十分震怒，下令鞭打范睢，折断了肋骨，打脱了牙齿。范睢只好装死，被卷进竹席，抛到厕所，魏齐还派醉酒的宾客向他身上溺尿，以惩戒后人，不得妄言。范睢悄悄对看守说：“你放出我，我必有重谢。”看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉，魏齐正喝醉了酒，便说：“可以。”范睢这才得以脱身。事后魏齐后悔，又派人去搜索范睢。魏国人郑安平把范睢藏匿起来，改换姓名叫张禄。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"当年淖齿管理齐国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"向东开拓地界到齐国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"臣司马光曰：穰侯魏冉拥立秦昭王，为他除去隐患威胁；举荐白起为大将，向南攻取鄢、郢两城，向东开拓地界到齐国，使各国向秦国俯首称臣。秦国能够更加强大，都是穰侯的功劳。虽然他恣意专权、骄傲贪婪已足以惹祸上身，但也没有到范睢说的那种地步。而范睢这个人，也并不能忠心为秦国谋划，就是想得到穰侯的位置，所以才扼住他的喉咙，予以抢夺。于是，使秦王断绝了母子间的情义，失去了舅甥间的恩爱。总之，范睢真是个颠覆他人的能手！","year":-265},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国随即发兵","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。齐国答复：“必须以赵公子长安君做人质。”赵太后不答应，于是齐国的救兵便不出发。赵国大臣一再劝说赵太后，太后却公然对左右随从说：“谁再提让长安君去做人质的事，我老婆子就要往他脸上吐口水！”左师触龙求见赵太后，太后气冲冲地等待他进来。触龙却慢吞吞走过来坐下，道歉说：“老臣我腿脚不好，很久没有来看望太后了，常常以此自我宽恕。又担心太后的身体有什么不适，所以还是希望能见到太后。”赵太后说：“老婆子我只能靠人推车来往了。”触龙又问：“饭量也减少了吧？”太后说：“只喝粥而 已。”这时，太后脸上的不悦之色已稍稍宽解。触龙又说：“我的儿子舒祺，年岁最小，又不成器，而我因为年老，私下最怜爱他，想让他补个黑衣卫士的缺去护卫王宫，在此向您冒昧请求！”太后说：“可以。他年龄多大了？”回答说：“十五岁了。虽然还年轻，可我想趁我这把老骨头还没入土为他做个安排。”太后说：“大丈夫也知道疼爱小儿子吗？”回答说：“比妇人还厉害呢！”太后笑着说：“还是妇人更厉害！”触龙却说：“我觉得，老太太您爱女儿燕后胜过爱儿子长安君。”太后说：“你错了！我对燕后远不如对长安君。”触龙又说：“父母疼爱孩子，就要为他们考虑深远。老太太您送燕后出嫁时，抓住她的脚后跟直掉眼泪，想到她要到遥远的燕国去，心情十分哀伤。待到燕后离去，您不是不想她，可一逢祭祀就祝愿说：‘千万别让人把她退回来。’这难道不是为她长久打算，希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？”太后点头说：“是的。”触龙又说：“从现在起三代以前，赵王的子孙被封侯的，现在还有没有继承人在位的？”太后回答：“没有了。”触龙说：“这就是说，近的，灾祸殃及其身；远的，殃及其子孙。难道说君王封侯的儿子都不成才？只是因为他们地位尊贵而无军功，俸禄丰厚而无劳苦，却享有国家的许多宝器。如今老太太您提高小儿子长安君的地位，封给他良田美宅，赐给他许多宝器，却不让他趁现在为国家立功。一旦您不在世上，长安君靠什么在赵国自立呢？”太后恍然大悟说：“好吧，随你去安排他吧！”于是下令为长安君备齐一百乘车，去齐国做人质。齐国随即发兵，秦国军队便退回。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"齐国安平君田单指挥赵国军队进攻燕国，夺取中阳；又攻打韩国，夺取注城。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"齐国齐襄王去世，其子田建即位。田建年幼，国事都由王太后决断。","year":-265},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国、楚国援救赵国","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦王听说赵 括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"东部地区的人奔往齐国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"齐国人士鲁仲连","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"与楚、韩、齐、赵接壤的边界","segment_index":4,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"张仪劝说魏襄王道：“魏国地方不满千里，士兵不足三十万，地势四下平坦，没有崇关大河的险要。防军分别守卫与楚、韩、齐、赵接壤的边界，用来扼守要塞的不过十万人，所以，魏国历来是厮杀的战场。各国约定联合抗秦，在洹水结盟，作为兄弟之邦互相救援。然而同一父母的亲兄弟，有时还为争夺钱财互相残杀，各国之间，想靠反复无常小人苏秦的一番伎俩，就结成同盟，明显是不足恃的。大王您不与秦国结好，秦国就会发兵进攻河外，占据卷县、酸枣等地，袭击卫国，夺取阳晋。那时，赵国不能南下，魏国也不能北上，南北隔绝，就谈不上联合抗秦，大王您的国家想避免危险也不可能了。所以我希望大王您能深思熟虑，拿定主意，让我辞去魏国相位，回秦国去筹划修好。”魏王于是背弃了联合抗秦的盟约，派张仪前往秦国去求和。张仪回到秦国，再次出任国相。","year":-317},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"齐","segment_index":20,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"秦国派名叫奂的庶长联合韩、魏、齐三国出兵攻打楚国，在重丘大败楚军，杀死楚将唐昧，夺取重丘。","year":-301},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国，到了盐氏地方即行撤回。秦国把武遂归还韩国，把封陵归还魏国，以求和解。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"齐","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"即使道德还未达到完美，礼义也没有做到完善，然而已经可以掌握治理天下的大致条理。做到赏罚分明，取得天下的信任，使臣属清楚地看到它的重要性。政令一经颁布，不管成功还是失败，都不欺骗百姓；条约已经缔结，不管有利还是无利，都不欺骗合作的邻国。这样，才能军队强劲，城池坚固，使敌对国家畏惧。国家的方针一贯而明确，友邦就予以信任。即使是偏僻的小国，也可以威震天下。春秋时期的齐、晋、宋、秦、楚五霸主便是如此，即所谓的以树立信誉而称霸。","year":-284}],"original_descriptions":["齐国的田常","出使齐国","齐国攻打鲁国","齐国","齐国攻打魏国","齐国田和","齐国大夫田和","齐国攻打鲁国。","姜氏的齐国","齐国因此大治，成为天下最强盛的国家","赵国入侵齐国","齐国也有什么宝贝吗？","回到齐国","齐国军队","齐国杀死大夫田牟。","韩国派人向齐国求救。","齐国这时才出兵","齐国成侯邹忌","魏国去年大败于齐国","越国国王姒无强攻打齐国","韩、魏、齐、楚、燕、赵各国","齐国四面要塞，广袤二千余里","齐国、魏国，共同出兵攻伐赵国","削弱齐国的财力","齐国的大权全部落到田婴手中","今天的齐国，就是您的汪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即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":8,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[8],"source_sentence":"赵王分封乐毅于观津，对他十分尊宠。以此来警戒燕国和齐国。燕惠王便派人去批评乐毅，并道歉说：“乐将军你过于听信传言，因为与我有矛盾，就抛弃燕国跑到赵国。你这样做为自己打算是可以的，然而，又怎能报答先王对你的一片恩情呢？”乐毅回信答复道：“从前伍子胥的建议被吴王阖闾采纳，吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地；而继任吴王夫差不听他的话，把伍子胥的尸体装入皮囊抛进江中。夫差不明白伍子胥对先王的建议是吴国得以成就功业的根本，所以沉下伍子胥的尸体一点儿也不后悔。伍子胥不能早日看出不同的君王有不同的器量，所以尸体虽入江而魂灵仍怨愤不化。免去自身的灾祸，立就功业，以表明先王的心迹，是我的上策。自己遭到别人的诽谤，从而使先王的英名蒙上耻辱，是我最害怕的。但因为蒙受了不白之冤，就以新的宠幸为利益，谋算燕国，也是我在道义上绝不会做的。我听说古代的君子，与人断交绝不口出恶言；忠臣被迫离开祖国，也不去辩解洗雪自己的名声。我虽然不成器，也曾多次从古代君子身上得到教益。谨请大王明鉴。”于是燕王仍封乐毅的儿子乐为昌国君，而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君。","year":-279}],"original_descriptions":["昭王奉乐毅为亚卿高位，委托以国家大事","乐毅约定赵国","以乐毅为上将军","乐毅整肃燕军纪律，禁止侵掠","乐毅于是集中右军、前军包围莒城","乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国","而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君"],"powers":["燕国"],"primary_power":"燕国","related_entities":["燕昭王","燕惠王","管仲","齐桓公","赵王〔卷4·段19·片段9〕","燕王〔卷4·段14·片段1〕","秦国","韩国","剧辛","赵王〔卷4·段14·片段1〕","魏国","赵国","燕国","王〔卷4·段14·片段9〕","齐国","燕国军队"],"total_mentions":7,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.539757"},"乐毅妻子":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["乐毅妻子"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"乐毅妻子","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543438","description":"乐毅之妻，姓名未明，获燕昭王赏赐王后服饰。","first_appearance_juan":4,"id":"乐毅妻子","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[4],"last_appearance_juan":4,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"又赏赐乐毅妻子以王后服饰","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，燕国军队攻打齐国安平时，临淄市的一个小官田单正在城中，他预先让家族人都用铁皮包上车轴头。待到城破，人们争相涌出城门，都因为车轴互相碰断，车辆损坏难行，被燕军俘虏，只有田单一族因铁皮包裹车轴得以幸免，逃到了即墨。当时齐国大部分地区都被燕军占领，仅有莒城、即墨未沦陷。乐毅于是集中右军、前军包围莒城，集中左军、后军包围即墨。即墨大夫出战身亡。即墨人士说：“安平之战，田单一族人因铁皮包轴得以保全，可见田单足智多谋，熟悉兵事。”于是共同拥立他为守将抵御燕军。乐毅围攻两城，一年未能攻克，便下令解除围攻，退至城外九里处修筑营垒，下令说：“城中的百姓出来不要抓捕他们，有困饿的还要赈济，让他们各操旧业，以安抚新占地区的人民。”过了三年，城还未攻下。有人在燕昭王面前挑拨说：“乐毅智谋过人，进攻齐国，一口气攻 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国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259}],"original_descriptions":["吕望曾做过商朝的官"],"powers":["商朝"],"primary_power":"商朝","related_entities":["商朝"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756"},"吕礼":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["吕礼"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"吕礼","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.542759","description":"十二月从齐国前往秦国的人物，具体身份未明。","first_appearance_juan":4,"id":"吕礼","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[4],"last_appearance_juan":4,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"吕礼从齐国到秦国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"冬季，十月，秦王自称西帝，派使者建议齐王立为东帝，想约定两国共同进攻赵国。苏代从燕国前来，齐王便问他：“秦国派魏冉来劝我帝，你的意见如何？”苏代回答说：“我建议大王先予以接受，但暂时不称帝。秦王称帝后，天下如果不表示反对，大王再称帝，也不算晚。秦王 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兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260}],"original_descriptions":["周子说"],"powers":[],"primary_power":null,"related_entities":["齐王〔卷5·段12·片段3〕"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756"},"周幽王":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["周幽王"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"周幽王","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756","description":"被史论评价为丧失君德的周王。","first_appearance_juan":1,"id":"周幽王","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[1],"last_appearance_juan":1,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周幽王、周厉王丧失君德","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"呜呼！周幽王、周厉王丧失君德，周朝的气数每况愈下。礼纪朝纲土崩瓦解；下欺凌、上衰败；诸侯国君恣意征讨他人；士大夫擅自干预朝政；礼教从总体上已经有十之七八沦丧了。然而周文王、周武王开创的政权还能绵绵不断地延续下来，就是因为周王朝的子孙后裔尚能守定名位。为什么这样说呢？当年晋文公为周朝建立了大功，于是向周襄王请求允许他死后享用王室的隧葬礼制，周襄王没有准许，说：“周王制度明显。没有改朝换代而有两个天子，这也是作为叔父辈的晋文公您所反对的。不然的话，叔父您有地，愿意隧葬，又何必请示我呢？”晋文公于是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！","year":-403}],"original_descriptions":["周幽王、周厉王丧失君德"],"powers":["周朝"],"primary_power":"周朝","related_entities":[],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756"},"周最":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["周最"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"周最","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.540756","description":"文中列举的游说者之一，被概括为以诡辩诈术争高下。","first_appearance_juan":3,"id":"周最","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[3],"last_appearance_juan":3,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之流","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"张仪与苏秦都以合纵、连横的政治权术游说各国，达到富贵的高位，使天下人争相效法。还有个魏国人公孙衍，名号犀首，也以能说会道著称。其余的苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之流，纷纭而起，遍于天下，务必以诡辩诈术一争高下，多得举不胜举。然而还要数张仪、苏秦、公孙衍当时名声最为显赫。","year":-310}],"original_descriptions":["苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之流"],"powers":[],"primary_power":null,"related_entities":[],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.540756"},"周武王":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["周武王"],"appearance_count":5,"canonical_name":"周武王","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756","description":"被孟轲举为吞并后人民高兴、因而可以吞并的古代例子；文本未说明具体对象及年代。","first_appearance_juan":1,"id":"周武王","juan_span":3,"juans_appeared":[1,3,4],"last_appearance_juan":4,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"商汤、周武王这样的仁德明主","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"周文王演绎排列《易经》，以乾、坤为首位。孔子解释说：“天尊贵，地卑微，阳阴于是确定。由低至高排列有序，贵贱也就各得其位。”这是说君主和臣子之间的上下关系就像天和地一样不能互易。《春秋》一书贬低诸侯，尊崇周王室，尽管周王室的官吏地位不高，在书中排列顺序仍在诸侯国君之上，由此可见孔圣人对于君臣关系的关注。如果不是夏桀、商纣那样的暴虐昏君，对手又遇上商汤、周武王这样的仁德明主，使人民归心、上天赐命的话，君臣之间的名分只能是作臣子的恪守臣节，矢死不渝。所以如果商朝立贤明的微子为国君来取代纣王，成汤创立的商朝就可以永配上天；而吴国如果以仁德的季札做君主，开国之君太伯也可以永享祭祀。然而微子、季札二人宁肯国家灭亡也不愿做君主，实在是因为礼教的大节绝不可因此破坏。所以说，礼教中最重要的就是地位高下的区分。","year":-403},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"周文王、周武王开创的政权","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"呜呼！周幽王、周厉王丧失君德，周朝的气数每况愈下。礼纪朝纲土崩瓦解；下欺凌、上衰败；诸侯国君恣意征讨他人；士大夫擅自干预朝政；礼教从总体上已经有十之七八沦丧了。然而周文王、周武王开创的政权还能绵绵不断地延续下来，就是因为周王朝的子孙后裔尚能守定名位。为什么这样说呢？当年晋文公为周朝建立了大功，于是向周襄王请求允许他死后享用王室的隧葬礼制，周襄王没有准许，说：“周王制度明显。没有改朝换代而有两个天子，这也是作为叔父辈的晋文公您所反对的。不然的话，叔父您有地，愿意隧葬，又何必请示我呢？”晋文公于是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"被周武王杀了","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"魏武侯顺黄河而下，在中游对吴起说：“稳固的山河真美啊！这是魏国的宝啊！”吴起回答说：“国宝在于德政而不在于地势险要。当初三苗氏部落，左面有洞庭湖，右面有彭蠡湖，但他们不修德义，被禹消灭了。夏朝君王桀的居住之地，左边是黄河、济水，右边是泰华山，伊阙山在其南面，羊肠阪在其北面，但因朝政不仁，也被商朝汤王驱逐了。商朝纣王的都城，左边是孟门，右边是太行山，常山在其北面，黄河经过其南面，因他施政不德，被周武王杀了。由此可见，国宝在于德政而不在于地势险要。如果君主您不修德政，恐怕就是这条船上的人，也要成为您的敌人。”魏武侯听罢说道：“对。”","year":-387},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"比如周武王","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"齐王请教孟轲：“有人建议我不要攻占燕国，有人却建议我乘机吞并它。我想，以万乘兵车的大国去进攻另一个同样的大国，五十天就征服，这靠人的力量是作不到的，只能是天意。现在我若不吞并燕国，上天一定会降祸怪罪。我把燕国并入齐国，怎么样？”孟轲回答说：“吞并后如果燕国人民很高兴，那就吞并吧，古代有这样做的，比如周武王。吞并而使燕国人民气愤，就不要吞并，古代也有这样行事的，比如周文王。齐国以万乘兵车大国征讨另一个大国，那里的百姓都捧着食品、茶水来迎接齐军，没有别的原因，就是为了跳出水深火热的战祸啊！如果新统治下水更深，火更热，百姓又将转而投奔别的国家了。”","year":-314},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"商汤王、周武王便是如此","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"领导国家提倡礼义，就无人可以加害于他。即使做一件坏事、杀一个无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伐蜀，张仪却说：“不如去征讨韩国。”秦惠王说：“请谈谈你的见解。”张仪便陈述道：“我们应该与魏国、楚国亲善友好，然后出兵黄河、伊水、洛水一带，攻取新城、宜阳，兵临东西周王都，控制象征王权的九鼎和天下版图，挟持天子以号令天下，各国就不敢不从，这是称王的大业。我听人说，要博取名声应该去朝廷，要赚取金钱应该去集市。现在的黄河、伊洛一带和周朝王室，正好比天下的朝廷和集市，而大王您不去那里争雄，反倒纠缠于远方的戎狄小族争斗，这可不是帝王的大业啊！”司马错反驳张仪说：“不对。我也听说有这样的话：想要使国家富强必须先开拓疆土，想要使军队强大必须先让老百姓富庶，想要成就帝王大业必须先树立德望。这三个条件具备，帝王大业也就水到渠成。现在大王的国家地小民贫，所以我建议先从容易之事做起。蜀国，是西南偏僻之国，又是戎狄之族的首领，政治昏乱，如同夏桀、商纣；以秦国大兵攻蜀，就像狼入羊群一样。攻占它的土地可以扩大秦国疆域，夺取它的财富可以赡养百姓，而军队不须有大的伤亡就可以使蜀国屈服。这样，吞并一个国家而天下并不认为秦国强暴，获取广泛的利益天下也不认为秦国贪婪，我们一举两得、名利双收，更享有除暴安良的美誉。秦国若是攻打韩国、劫持周天子，就会臭名远扬，也不见得有什么实际利益。蒙受不义之名，攻打天下人所不愿攻占的地方，那可是很危险的！请让我细说其中的原因：周朝，是天下尊崇的王室；齐国，是韩国的亲睦友邦。周朝自知要失去九鼎，韩国自知要失去伊洛一带领土，两国将会齐心合力，共同谋划，求得齐国、赵国的援助，并与有旧怨的楚国、魏国和解，甚至不惜把鼎送给楚国，把土地割让给魏国，对此，大王您只能束手无策。这就是我所说的危险所在。所以，攻打蜀国才是十拿九稳的上策。”秦惠王听从了司马错的建议，起兵伐蜀，仅用了十个月就攻克全境，把蜀王降为侯，又任命陈庄为蜀国国相。蜀国为秦国吞并以后，秦国更加富庶和强盛而轻视周围各国。","year":-316},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"有夏桀恶名的宋国","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"冬季，十月，秦王自称西帝，派使者建议齐王立为东帝，想约定两国共同进攻赵国。苏代从燕国前来，齐王便问他：“秦国派魏冉来劝我帝，你的意见如何？”苏代回答说：“我建议大王先予以接受，但暂时不称帝。秦王称帝后，天下如果不表示反对，大王再称帝，也不算晚。秦王 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很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259}],"original_descriptions":["孔子解释说","孔子却先要确立名位","读孔子的书","我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相"],"powers":["鲁国"],"primary_power":"鲁国","related_entities":["鲁国","孔斌"],"total_mentions":4,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756"},"孔斌":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["孔斌"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"孔斌","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756","description":"孔子的第六世后人，在魏国任相九个月，整顿用人和俸禄，因重大建议不被采用而称病辞职。","first_appearance_juan":5,"id":"孔斌","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259}],"original_descriptions":["孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["失去职位的人","新垣固","使者","魏王〔卷5·段13·片段3〕","文咨","大夫","群臣〔卷5·段13·片段3〕","孔子"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756"},"孔穿":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["孔穿"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"孔穿","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756","description":"从鲁国来到赵国，与公孙龙辩论，随后向平原君指出辩论应重视事实而非仅求言辞精巧。","first_appearance_juan":3,"id":"孔穿","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[3],"last_appearance_juan":3,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"孔穿从鲁国来到赵国，与公孙龙辩论“奴婢有三个耳朵”的观点","segment_index":23,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"赵王封弟弟赵胜为平原君。平原君好养士，门下的食客常有几千人。其中有个公孙龙，善于作“坚白同异”的辩论考证，平原君尊他为座上宾。孔穿从鲁国来到赵国，与公孙龙辩论“奴婢有三个耳朵”的观点，公孙龙辩解十分精微，孔穿无以对答，一会儿就告辞了。第二天他再见平原君，平原君问：“昨天公孙龙的一番论述头头是道，先生觉得如何？”回答说：“是的，他几乎能让奴婢真的长出三只耳朵来。说起来虽然如此，实际上是困难的。我想再请教您：现在论证三个耳朵十分困难，又非事实；论证两个耳朵十分容易而确属事实，不知道您将选择容易、真实的，还是选择困难、虚假的？”平原君也哑口无言。第二天，平原君对公孙龙说：“您不要再和孔穿辩论了，他的道理胜过言辞，而您的言辞胜过道理，最后肯定占不了上风。”","year":-298}],"original_descriptions":["孔穿从鲁国来到赵国，与公孙龙辩论“奴婢有三个耳朵”的观点"],"powers":[],"primary_power":null,"related_entities":["公孙龙","赵胜"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756"},"孙膑":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["孙膑"],"appearance_count":4,"canonical_name":"孙膑","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.537756","description":"与庞涓一起学习兵法，后在魏国被庞涓设计施刑。由齐国使者秘密带回齐国，经田忌推荐受到齐威王礼遇，辞谢大将任命后担任军师。","first_appearance_juan":2,"id":"孙膑","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[2],"last_appearance_juan":2,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"孙膑与庞涓一起学兵法","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"起初，孙膑与庞涓一起学兵法，庞涓在魏国做将军，自己估量才能不如孙膑，便召孙膑前来魏国，又设计依法砍断孙膑的双脚，在脸上刺字，想使他终身成为废人。齐国使者来到魏国，孙膑以受刑罪人身份与他暗中相见，说动了齐国使者，偷偷地把孙膑藏在车中回到齐国。齐国大臣田忌把他奉为座上客，又推荐给齐威王。威王向他请教了兵法，于是延请他为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是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！","year":-403},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":3,"original_description":"比如周文王","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"齐王请教孟轲：“有人建议我不要攻占燕国，有人却建议我乘机吞并它。我想，以万乘兵车的大国去进攻另一个同样的大国，五十天就征服，这靠人的力量是作不到的，只能是天意。现在我若不吞并燕国，上天一定会降祸怪罪。我把燕国并入齐国，怎么样？”孟轲回答说：“吞并后如果燕国人民很高兴，那就吞并吧，古代有这样做的，比如周武王。吞并而使燕国人民气愤，就不要吞并，古代也有这样行事的，比如周文王。齐国以万乘兵车大国征讨另一个大国，那里的百姓都捧着食品、茶水来迎接齐军，没有别的原因，就是为了跳出水深火热的战祸啊！如果新统治下水更深，火更热，百姓又将转而投奔别的国家了。”","year":-314},{"chunk_index":10,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[10],"source_sentence":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"周朝创业的周文王","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258}],"original_descriptions":["周文王演绎排列《易经》，以乾、坤为首位。","周文王、周武王开创的政权","比如周文王","周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公","周朝创业的周文王","周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹"],"powers":["周朝"],"primary_power":"周朝","related_entities":["纣王","吕尚"],"total_mentions":6,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756"},"斯离":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["斯离"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"斯离","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.542759","description":"秦国尉，率军与韩、赵、魏联军前来会合。","first_appearance_juan":4,"id":"斯离","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[4],"last_appearance_juan":4,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"秦国尉斯离率军队","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"燕王调动全部兵力，以乐毅为上将军。秦国尉斯离率军队与韩、赵、魏联军也前来会合。赵王把相国大印授给乐毅，乐毅统一指挥秦、魏、韩、赵大军发动进攻。齐王集中国内全部人力进行抵御，双方在济水西岸大战。齐国军队大败。乐毅便退回秦国、韩国军队，令魏国军队分兵进攻宋国旧地，布署赵国军队去收复河间。自己率领燕军，由北长驱直入齐国。剧辛劝说道：“齐国大，燕国小，依靠各国的帮助我们才打败齐军，应该及时地攻取边境城市充实燕国领土，这才是长久的利益。现在大军过城不攻，一味深入，既无损于齐国又无益于燕国，只能结下深怨，日后必定要后悔。”乐毅说：“齐王好大喜功，刚愎自用，不与下属商议，又罢黜贤良人士，专门信任谀谄小人，政令贪虐暴戾，百姓十分怨愤。现在齐国军队已溃不成军，如果我们乘胜追击，齐国百姓必然反叛，内部发生动乱，齐国就可以收拾了。如果不抓住时机，等到齐王痛改前非，体贴臣下而抚恤百姓，我们就难办了。”于是下令进军深入齐国。齐国果然大乱，失去常度，齐王出逃。乐毅率军进入齐都临淄，搜刮宝物和祭祀重器，运回燕国。燕王亲自到济水上游去慰劳军队，颁行奖赏，犒劳将士；燕王封乐为昌国君，让他留在齐国进攻其余未克的城市。","year":-284}],"or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斜视魏无忌，只见他态度仍然十分谦和，于是告辞朋友登车，到了魏无忌府第。魏无忌引侯嬴坐在上座，向各位宾客介绍称赞他，宾客们都很惊讶。这时秦兵围困赵国首都邯郸，赵国平原君赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐。赵胜派到魏国求救的使者车马接连不断，指责魏无忌说：“赵胜我之所以与您联成姻亲，就是仰慕您的高尚道义，能够急人之危。现在邯郸早晚要落入秦国手中而魏国援兵裹足不前，即使您看不起我赵胜鄙弃我，难道也不可怜您的姐姐吗？”魏无忌十分焦急，多次请魏王命令大将晋鄙进兵救赵，又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说，然而魏王始终不为所动。魏无忌只好聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵国以死相拼。他路过夷门，去见侯嬴。侯嬴只淡淡地说：“公子您好自为之吧，我老了不能前去！”魏无忌离开后，走了数里，心中闷闷不快，又转回去见侯嬴。侯嬴笑着说：“我早就知道公子会回来！如今您没有别的办法而亲身去迎战秦军，好比用肉去投打饿虎，能有什么结果！”魏无忌于是下车再拜请教计策。侯嬴屏退左右随从悄声说道：“我听说晋鄙的调兵兵符在魏王卧室里，他最宠爱的如姬，有办法偷出来。曾听说公子您为如姬报过杀父之仇，如姬表示愿意为您办事，万死不辞。公子只要一开口，就可以得到调兵的虎符，夺去晋鄙的兵权，北上救赵，西抗强秦，建立五霸的功业了。”魏无忌照他的办法去做，果然拿到了兵符。临行前，侯嬴又说：“大将出征在外，君王的命令可以不接受。假如晋鄙以此合验兵符后仍不交出兵权，再向魏王请示，那事情就危险了。我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士，可以与您一齐去。晋鄙如果听从，最好不过。如果不听从，可以让朱亥打死他！”于是魏无忌又邀请朱亥前去。到了邺城，晋鄙合验兵符后，仍很怀疑，摆手看着魏无忌说：“我率领十万大军在边境驻扎，而你只孤身单车前来替代我，是怎么回事呢？”朱亥立即从袖中掣出四十斤重的铁锥，打死晋鄙，魏无忌便部署军队，下令说：“父子两人都在军队中的，父亲可以回去！兄弟两人都在军队中的，哥哥可以回去！独子一个没有兄弟的，可以回去奉养父母！”于是选定八万士兵，挥军前进。","year":-258}],"original_descriptions":["我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士"],"powers":[],"primary_power":null,"related_entities":["晋鄙","魏无忌"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756"},"李克":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["李克"],"appearance_count":2,"canonical_name":"李克","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756","description":"自称在朝外任职，向魏文侯提出考察人才的五项标准，又向翟璜解释魏成更适合任相的理由。","first_appearance_juan":1,"id":"李克","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[1],"last_appearance_juan":1,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":25,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"李克回答说","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[25],"source_sentence":"魏文侯问李克：“先生曾经说过：‘家贫思良妻，国乱思良相。’现在我选相不是魏成就是翟璜，这两人怎么样？”李克回答说：“下属不参与尊长的事，外人不过问亲戚的事。臣子我在朝外任职，不敢接受命令。”魏文侯说：“先生不要临事推让！”李克说道：“国君您没有仔细观察呀！看人，平时看他所亲近的，富贵时看他所交往的，显赫时看他所推荐的，穷困时看他所不做的，贫贱时看他所不取的。仅此五条，就足以去断定人，又何必要等我指明呢！”魏文侯说：“先生请回府吧，我的国相已经选定了。”李克离去，遇到翟璜。翟璜问：“听说今天国君召您去征求宰相人选，到底定了谁呢？”李克说：“魏成。”翟璜立刻忿忿不平地变了脸色，说：“西河守令吴起，是我推荐的。国君担心内地的邺县，我推荐西门豹。国君想征伐中山国，我推荐乐羊。中山国攻克之后，没有人去镇守，我推荐了先生您。国君的公子没有老师，我推荐了屈侯鲋。凭耳闻目睹的这些事实，我哪点儿比魏成差！”李克说：“你把我介绍给你的国君，难道是为了结党以谋求高官吗？国君问我宰相的人选，我说了刚才那一番话。我所以推断国君肯定会选中魏成为相，是因为魏成享有千钟的傣禄，十分之九都用在外面，只有十分之一留作家用，所以向东得到了卜子夏、田子方、段干木。这三个人，国君都奉他们为老师；而你所举荐的五人，国君都任用为臣属。你怎么能和魏成比呢！”翟璜听罢徘徊不敢进前，一再行礼说：“我翟璜，真是个粗人，失礼了，愿终身为您的弟子！”","year":-403},{"chunk_index":26,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"李克说：“吴起为人贪婪而好色","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[26],"source_sentence":"吴起，卫国人，在鲁国任官。齐国攻打鲁国，鲁国想任用吴起为将，但吴起娶的妻子是齐国人，鲁国猜疑吴起。于是，吴起杀死了自己的妻子，求得大将，大破齐国军队。有人在鲁国国君面前攻击他说：“吴起当初曾师事曾参，母亲死了也不回去治丧，曾参与他断绝关系。现在他又杀死妻子来求得您的大将职位。吴起，真是一个残忍缺德的人！况且，以我们小小的鲁国能有战胜齐国的名气，各个国家都要来算计鲁国了。”吴起恐怕鲁国治他的罪，又听说魏文侯贤明，于是就前去投奔。魏文侯征求李克的意见，李克说：“吴起为人贪婪而好色，然而他的用兵之道，连齐国的名将司马穰苴也超不过他。”于是魏文侯崐任命吴起为大将，攻击秦国，攻占五座城。","year":-403}],"original_descriptions":["李克回答说","李克说：“吴起为人贪婪而好色"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["魏文侯","翟璜"],"total_mentions":2,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756"},"李兑":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["李兑"],"appearance_count":5,"canonical_name":"李兑","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756","description":"与赵成从邯郸赶来，发动四邑军队镇压叛乱。随后被任命为司寇，与赵成掌握政权。","first_appearance_juan":4,"id":"李兑","juan_span":2,"juans_appeared":[4,5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"李兑对肥义说","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"安阳君平素为人骄横，内心对弟弟立为王十分不服。赵主父派田不礼做他的国相。李兑对肥义说：“公子赵章身强力壮而怀有野心，党羽众多而贪欲极大，田不礼又残忍好杀，十分狂妄，两人互相勾结，必定会图谋不轨。小人有了野心，就要轻举妄动，他只看到想获取的利益，看不到带来的危害。一场灾难就在眼前了。你身居要职，权势很大，你将成为动乱的由头，灾祸也将集中在你身上。你何不称病不出，把朝政交给公子赵成去处理，免得被祸事牵连。这样不好吗！”肥义说：“当年赵主父把赵王嘱托给我，说：‘不要改变你的宗旨，不要改变你的心意，要坚守一心，至死效忠！’我再三拜谢承命并记录在案。现在如果怕田不礼加祸于我而忘掉当年的记录，就是莫大的背弃。俗话说崐：‘面对复生的死者，活着的人无需感到惭愧。’我要维护我的诺言，哪能光顾保全生命！你对我的建议是一片好心，但是我已有誓言在先，决不敢放弃！”李兑说：“好，你勉力而为吧！能见到你恐怕只有今年了。”说罢流泪而出。","year":-295},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"李兑几次入见公子赵成","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"李兑几次入见公子赵成，商议防备田不礼。肥义对信期说：“公子赵章与田不礼语言动听而本质凶恶，在内讨得主父的欢心，在外恣意施暴。他们一旦假借主父的命令来发动政变，是很容易得手的。现在我忧虑此事，已到了废寝忘食的程度。强盗在身边出入不能不防！从此以后，有人奉主父命来召见赵王必须先见我的面，我将先前往，没有变故，赵王才能去。”信期说：“好。”","year":-295},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"李兑被任命为司寇","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"赵主父让赵惠文王朝见群臣，自己在旁边窥察，只见当哥哥的赵章反而俯首称臣，无精打采地听高高在上的弟弟赵何训示，心中有些不忍，于是想把赵国一分为二，让赵章在代郡称王，但这个计划还没有最后决定就搁置起来。赵主父和赵王出游沙丘，分别住在两个行宫里。赵章、田不礼乘机率领门徒作乱，他们假称赵主父的命令召见赵王，肥义先进去，被杀死。高信便与赵王一同抵抗。公子赵成与李兑从国都邯郸赶来，发动四邑的军队入宫镇压叛乱，杀死赵章及田不礼，处死全部党羽。公子赵成担任相国，称为安平君；李兑被任命为司寇。当时赵惠文王还年幼，政权都掌握在公子赵成、李兑手中。","year":-295},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"公子赵成、李兑于是带兵包围了赵主父的行宫","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"赵章败退的时候，逃到赵主父那里，赵主父开门接纳了他。公子赵成、李兑于是带兵包围了赵主父的行宫。杀死赵章后，公子赵成、李兑商议道：“我们为追杀赵章，竟包围了主父的行宫，如此大罪，要是撤兵回去，会被满门抄斩的！”于是又下令围住赵主父行宫，宣布：“宫中人晚出来的杀！”宫中的人听见命令全部逃出，赵主父想出来却不被准许，又得不到食物，只好捕捉幼鸟吃，三个多月后，他终于饿死在沙丘行宫中。直到赵主父确死无疑，赵国才向各国报告丧事。起初，赵主父定长子赵章为太子，后来他娶了美女吴娃，十分宠爱，曾经几年不出宫上朝。生下儿子赵何后，便废去太子赵章，立赵何为太子。吴娃死后，赵主父对赵何的偏爱也逐渐减退，又可怜起原来的太子，想立两个王。他总是犹豫不决，所以引起了内乱。","year":-295},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"李兑统治赵国","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；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克七十余城。现在只剩两座城，不是他的兵力不能攻下，之所以三年不攻，就是他想倚仗兵威来收服齐国人心，自己好南面称王而已。如今齐国人心已服，他之所以还不行动，就是因为妻子、儿子在燕国。况且齐国多有美女，他早晚将忘记妻子。希望大王早些防备！”燕昭王听罢下令设置盛大酒宴，拉出说此话的人斥责道：“先王倡导全国礼待贤明人才，并不是为了多得土地留给子孙。他不幸遇到继承人缺少德行，不能完成大业，使国内人民怨愤不从，无道的齐国趁着我们国家动乱得以残害先王。我即位以后，对此痛心疾首，才广泛延请群臣，对外招揽宾客，以求报仇。谁能使我成功，我愿意和他分享燕国大权。现在乐毅先生为我大破齐国，平毁齐国宗庙，报却了旧仇，齐国本来就应归乐先生所有，不是燕国该得到的。乐先生如果能拥有齐国，与燕国成为平等国家，结为友好的邻邦，抵御各国的来犯，这正是燕国的福气、我的心愿啊！你怎么敢说这种话呢！”于是将挑 拨者处死。又赏赐乐毅妻子以王后服饰，赏赐他的儿子以王子服饰，配备君王车驾乘马，及上 百辆属车，派宰相侍奉送到乐毅那里，立乐毅为齐王。乐毅十分惶恐，不敢接受，一再拜谢，写下辞书，并宣誓以死效忠燕王。从此齐国人敬服燕国乐毅的德义，各国也畏惧他的信誉，没有再敢来算计的。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":5,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"田单听说了，便派人去燕国用反间计","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[5],"source_sentence":"不久，燕昭王去世，燕惠王即位。惠王从当太子时，就与乐毅有矛盾。田单听说了，便派人去燕国用反间计，散布说：“齐王已经死了，齐国仅有两座城未被攻克。乐毅与燕国新王有矛盾，害怕加祸不敢回国，他现在以攻打齐国为名，实际想率领军队在齐国称王。齐国人没有归附，所以他暂缓进攻 即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"襄王册封田单为安平君","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"这时，田单下令让城中人吃饭时，先在庭院里祭祀祖先，四处飞鸟争吃祭饭都盘旋落到城中，燕军很是惊讶，田单又让人散布说：“会有天神派军师下界来帮助我们。”有个士兵说：“我可以做神师吗？”说罢起身便走。田单急忙离座追回他，让他面东高坐，奉为神师。士兵说：“我犯上欺主了。”田单忙悄声嘱咐：“你不要说出去。”便以他为师，每当发布号令，都必称奉神师之命。田单又令人散布说：“我就怕燕军把齐国俘虏割去鼻子，作为前导，那样即墨城就完了！”燕国人听说，果然这样做了。城中守兵看到投降燕军的人都被割去鼻子，万分痛恨，决心坚守不降，唯恐被俘。田单再使出反间计，说：“我怕燕军掘毁我们的城外坟墓，那样齐国人就寒心了。”燕军又中计，把城外坟墓尽行挖毁，焚烧死尸。齐国人从城上远远望见，都痛哭流涕，争相请求出战，怒气倍增。田单知道这时军士已经可以死战，于是带头拿起版、锹和士卒一起筑城，把自己的妻妾编进军队，还分发全部食品犒劳将士。他下令让披甲士兵都潜伏在城下，只以老弱人员、女子登城守卫，又派人去燕军中约定投降，燕军都欢呼万岁。田单在城中百姓中募集到一千镒金银，让即墨城的富豪送给燕军大将，说：“我们马上就投降。请不要抢劫掠夺我们的家族！”燕国将军大喜，立刻应允。燕军戒备更加松懈。田单在城中搜罗到一千余头牛，给牛披上大红绸衣，绘上五彩天龙花纹，在牛角上绑束尖刀，而在牛尾绑上灌好油脂的苇草，然后点燃，趁着夜色，从预先凿好的几十个城墙洞中，赶牛冲出，后而紧随着五千名壮士。牛尾部被火燎烧，都惊怒地奔向燕军大营。燕军大惊失色，看到牛身上都是天龙花纹，碰到的不是死就是伤。加上城中敲锣打鼓齐声呐喊，老弱居民也敲击铜器助威，响声惊天动地。燕国军队万分恐惧，纷纷败逃。齐军趁乱杀死燕军大将骑劫，追杀逃亡的燕军，所经过的城邑都叛离燕国，再度归顺齐国。田单的军队越来越多，乘胜而入，燕军日日望风而逃，逃到黄河边，齐国失去的七十几座城都复归。田单于是前往莒城迎齐襄王回国都临淄，襄王册封田单为安平君。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":9,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"田单出任齐国国相","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[9],"source_sentence":"田单出任齐国国相，有次路过淄水，见到一个老人渡淄水时冻得直哆嗦，走出水面时已不能前行。田单便解下自己的皮袍给他披上。齐襄王听说 后十分厌恶，说：“田单对别人施恩，是打算夺我的国位，我不早下手，恐怕以后会有变故！”说完一看左右无人，只在殿阶下有个穿珠子的人，襄王便召他过来问道：“你听见我的话了吗？”回答：“听见了。”襄王问：“你觉得怎么样？”回答说：“大王不如把此事变成自己的善行。大王可以嘉奖田单的善心，下令说：‘我忧虑人民的饥饿，田单就收养他们，供给饮食；我忧虑人民的寒冷，田单就脱下皮袍给他们披上；我忧虑人民的操劳，田单也因此忧虑。他正符合我的心意。‘田单有善行而大王嘉奖他，那么田单的善行也就是大王的善行了。”襄王说：“好。”于是赏赐田单酒宴。过了几天，穿珠子的人又来见齐襄王说：“大王应该在群臣朝见时召见田单，在殿庭上致谢，亲自慰劳他。然后布告国内寻找百姓中饥饿者，予以收养。”襄王这样做后，派人到街头里巷去探听，听到大夫等官员互相说：“哦！田单疼爱百姓，是大王的教诲呀！”","year":-279},{"chunk_index":10,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[10],"source_sentence":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":11,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"田单准备攻打狄族","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[11],"source_sentence":"田单准备攻打狄族，前去见鲁仲连，鲁仲连说：“将军您去攻狄，恐怕攻不下来。”田单说：“当年我以即墨的残兵败将击破拥有万乘战车的燕军，光复齐国沦亡土地；现在会攻不下狄族，有什么道理？”上车扬长而去。于是田单率军进攻狄族，三个月也未能攻克。齐国小孩子在歌谣中讥讽唱道：“大冠像簸箕，长剑撑面皮，攻狄不能下，枯骨垒成丘。”田单开始惊惧起来，又去问鲁仲连：“先生早日说我攻不下狄族，请让我知道原因。”鲁仲连说：“将军在即墨的时候，坐着，手编草鞋；站着，手拿铁锹；带领士兵们唱歌道：‘无可往矣！宗庙亡矣！今日有没有救，看我们有没有胆！’当时，将军有战死的决心，士兵无偷生的念头，听见您的号召无不挥泪奋臂，决一死战，所以才能打败燕军。现在将军您东面有掖邑丰厚的俸禄，西边有淄上封地的游乐，腰系黄金带，驰骋于淄水、渑水之间，有的只是生活的乐趣，而无战死之心，所 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括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"武安君白起把军队分为三支","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273}],"original_descriptions":["大王派盛桥在韩国掌权"],"powers":["秦国"],"primary_power":"秦国","related_entities":["韩国","秦王〔卷4·段25·片段3〕"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543756"},"盼子":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["盼子"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"盼子","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.537756","description":"齐威王所述的大臣，被派遣镇守高唐。","first_appearance_juan":2,"id":"盼子","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[2],"last_appearance_juan":2,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"我的大臣中还有位盼子，使他守高唐","segment_index":11,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"齐威王、魏惠王在效野约会狩猎。魏惠王问：“齐国也有什么宝贝吗？”齐威王说：“没有。”魏惠王说：“我的国家虽小，尚有十颗直径一寸以上、可以照亮十二乘车子的大珍珠。以齐国之大，难道能没有宝贝？”齐威王说：“我对宝贝的看法和你可不一样。我的大臣中有位檀子，派他镇守南城，楚国不敢来犯，泗水流域的十二个诸侯国都来朝贺。我的大臣中还有位盼子，使他守高唐，赵国人怕得不敢向东到黄河边来打渔。我的官吏中有位黔夫，令他守徐州，燕国人在北门、赵国人在西门望空礼拜求福，相随来投奔的多达七千余家。我的大臣中有位种首，让他防备盗贼，便出现路不拾遗的太平景象。这四位大臣，光照千里，岂止是十二乘车子呢！”魏惠王听了面色十分惭愧。","year":-355}],"original_descriptions":["我的大臣中还有位盼子，使他守高唐"],"powers":["齐国"],"primary_power":"齐国","related_entities":["齐威王"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.537756"},"看守":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["看守"],"appearance_count":2,"canonical_name":"看守","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543756","description":"看守范睢的人，姓名及具体身份未明；应范睢请求，向魏齐请示扔掉席中所谓死人，使范睢得以脱身。","first_appearance_juan":5,"id":"看守","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"起初，魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国，齐襄王听说他能言善辩，私下赠给他金子及酒食。须贾以为范睢把魏国的秘密告诉了齐国，回国后便向魏国宰相魏齐告发。魏齐十分震怒，下令鞭打范睢，折断了肋骨，打脱了牙齿。范睢只好装死，被卷进竹席，抛到厕所，魏齐还派醉酒的宾客向他身上溺尿，以惩戒后人，不得妄言。范睢悄悄对看守说：“你放出我，我必有重谢。”看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉，魏齐正喝醉了酒，便说：“可以。”范睢这才得以脱身。事后魏齐后悔，又派人去搜索范睢。魏国人郑安平把范睢藏匿起来，改换姓名叫张禄。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":6,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"异人与吕不韦用六百金送给看守","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[6],"source_sentence":"吕不韦娶了一位邯郸美女中最美的，与他同居，知道她已怀孕。一次，异人与吕不韦饮酒，见到这位女子，便想要来。吕不韦假装动怒，不久又将她献给异人。这位女子怀孕一年后生下儿子，名叫嬴政，异人便把她立为正室夫人。邯郸被秦兵围困时，赵国人想杀死异人，异人与吕不韦用六百金送给看守，脱身逃到秦军中，于是得以回国。异人身穿楚国服装前去见华阳夫人，夫人说：“我是楚人啊！我把你当作亲生儿子。”于是把他的名字改为楚。","year":-257}],"original_descriptions":["看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉","异人与吕不韦用六百金送给看守"],"powers":[],"primary_power":null,"related_entities":["吕不韦","魏齐","范睢","嬴异人"],"total_mentions":2,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543756"},"祝欢":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["祝欢"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"祝欢","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.538756","description":"赵良所述被商君杀死的人，具体身份未明。","first_appearance_juan":2,"id":"祝欢","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[2],"last_appearance_juan":2,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":2,"original_description":"您又杀死祝欢","segment_index":24,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"起初，商君在秦国做国相时，制订法律极为严酷，他曾亲临渭河处决犯人，血流得河水都变红了。他任国相十年，招致很多人的怨恨。一次，赵良来见商君，商君问他：“你看我治理秦国，与当年的五大夫百里奚谁更高明？”赵良说：“一千个人唯唯诺诺，不如有一个人敢于直言不讳。请允许我全部说出心里的意见，而您不加以怪罪，可以吗？”商君说：“好吧！”赵良坦然而言：“五大夫，原是楚国的一个乡野之人，秦穆公把他从卑贱的养牛郎，提拔到万民之上、无人可及的崇高职位。他在秦国做国相六七年，向东讨伐了郑国，三次为晋国扶立国君，一次拯救楚国于危难之中。他做国相，劳累了也不乘车，炎热的夏天也不打起伞盖。他在国中视察，从没有众多车马随从前拥后呼，也不舞刀弄剑咄咄逼人。五大夫死的时候，秦国的男女老少都痛哭流涕，连儿童也不再唱歌谣，舂米的人也不再唱舂杵的谣曲，以遵守丧礼。现在再来看您。您起初以结交主上的宠幸心腹景监为进身之途，待到掌权执政，就凌辱践踏贵族大家，残害百姓。弄得公子虔被迫杜门不出已经有八年之久。您又杀死祝欢，给公孙贾以刺面的刑罚。《诗经》中说：‘得人心者兴旺，失人心者灭亡。’上述几件事，可算不上是得人心。您的出行，后面尾随大批车辆甲士，孔武有力的侍卫在身边护卫，持矛挥戟的武士在车旁疾驰。这些保卫措施缺了一样，您就绝不出行。《尚书》中说：‘倚仗仁德者昌盛，凭借暴力者灭亡。’上述的几件事，可算不上是以德服人。您的危险处境正像早晨的露水，没有多少时间了，却还贪恋商於地方的富庶收入，在秦国独断专行，积蓄下百姓的怨恨。一旦秦王有个三长两短，秦国用来逮捕您的罪名还会少吗？”商君没有听从赵良的劝告。只过了五个月就大难临头了。","year":-338}],"original_descripti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将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"起初，魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国，齐襄王听说他能言善辩，私下赠给他金子及酒食。须贾以为范睢把魏国的秘密告诉了齐国，回国后便向魏国宰相魏齐告发。魏齐十分震怒，下令鞭打范睢，折断了肋骨，打脱了牙齿。范睢只好装死，被卷进竹席，抛到厕所，魏齐还派醉酒的宾客向他身上溺尿，以惩戒后人，不得妄言。范睢悄悄对看守说：“你放出我，我必有重谢。”看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉，魏齐正喝醉了酒，便说：“可以。”范睢这才得以脱身。事后魏齐后悔，又派人去搜索范睢。魏国人郑安平把范睢藏匿起来，改换姓名叫张禄。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"范睢深夜前去求见","segment_index":3,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。","year":-270},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"范睢的计策","segment_index":5,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦王听从范睢的计策，派五大夫绾攻打魏国，攻克怀地。","year":-268},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他","segment_index":7,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏王派须贾出使秦国，应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他。须贾惊奇地问他：“范叔你还是很好啊！”留下他用饭，又拿出一件丝棉袍送给他。范睢便为须贾驾车前去丞相府，说：“我先为你去向丞相通报。”很久未出，须贾感到奇怪，便问丞相府守门人，守门人回答说：“没有什么范叔，刚才进去的是我们丞相张先生。”须贾大惊失色，知道自己落入圈套，只好用膝盖匍匐跪行进去谢罪。应侯坐在上面，怒斥他说：“你之所以还能不死，是我念你赠送丝袍还有一丝照顾故人的旧情！”于是大设酒宴，招待各国宾客，令须贾坐在堂下，放一盘黑豆、碎草之类的喂马饲料让他吃，然后命令他回国告诉魏王：“快快砍下魏齐的头送来，不然，我就杀尽魏都大梁城的人！”须贾回国，把这番话告诉魏齐，魏齐只好逃奔赵国，藏匿在平原君赵胜家里。","year":-266},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"范睢这个人，也并不能忠心为秦国谋划","segment_index":8,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"臣司马光曰：穰侯魏冉拥立秦昭王，为他除去隐患威胁；举荐白起为大将，向南攻取鄢、郢两城，向东开拓地界到齐国，使各国向秦国俯首称臣。秦国能够更加强大，都是穰侯的功劳。虽然他恣意专权、骄傲贪婪已足以惹祸上身，但也没有到范睢说的那种地步。而范睢这个人，也并不能忠心为秦国谋划，就是想得到穰侯的位置，所以才扼住他的喉咙，予以抢夺。于是，使秦王断绝了母子间的情义，失去了舅甥间的恩爱。总之，范睢真是个颠覆他人的能手！","year":-265},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"应侯范睢把此话告诉秦王","segment_index":10,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"楚顷襄王病重。黄歇对应侯范睢说：“现在楚王的病恐怕难以痊愈，秦国不如让楚太子回国。太子能够即位，一定会更加侍奉秦国，感戴相国您的无穷恩德，这样做既与邻国结好，又为秦国储存下一个有万乘兵车的帮手。如果不让太子回去，他只是咸阳城里一个普通老百姓而已。楚国再立一个君王，肯定不会侍奉秦国，那么秦国就失去友邦又断送了与一个有万乘兵车大国间的和平。不是上策。”应侯范睢把此话告诉秦王，秦王说：“让太子的老师先去看看楚王病 的情况，回来再做商议。”黄歇与楚太子盘算道：“秦国留下太子，想以此来换取利益。现在太子的力量又做不到什么有利秦国的事。阳文君的两个儿子都在楚国，楚王一旦去世，太子不在国中，阳文君的儿子肯定会被立为继承人，那么太子就不能接替祖业了。太子不如与使者一起逃离秦国，我留在这里，以死来对付秦王。”太子于是换上衣服扮作楚国使者的车夫混出关外；黄歇守在馆舍中，常常称太子生病谢绝来访。他估计太子已经走得很远，便自己去告诉秦王说：“楚国太子已经归国，走得很远了。我黄歇情愿领受死罪。”秦王勃然大怒，想照此处理。应侯范睢劝道：“黄歇作为臣下，献身以救他的主子，如果楚太子即位，一定会重用黄歇。我们不如赦免黄歇无罪放他回去，以与楚国结好。”秦王听从了劝告，放走黄歇。黄歇回到楚国三个月后的秋天，楚顷襄王去世，太子即位为楚考烈王；任命黄歇为国相，封给他淮河以北的领地，号称春申君。","year":-263},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"应侯范睢又派人用千金去赵国施行反间计","segment_index":12,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"赵兵屡次被秦军打败，廉颇便下令坚守营垒，拒不出战。赵王以为廉颇损兵折将后更加胆怯，不敢迎敌，气愤得多次斥责他。应侯范睢又派人用千金去赵国施行反间计，散布说：“秦国所怕的，只是马服君赵奢的儿子赵括做大将。廉颇好对付，而且他也快投降了！”赵王中计，便用赵括代替廉颇为大将。蔺相如劝阻说：“大王因为赵括有些名气就重用他，这是粘住调弦的琴柱再弹琴呀！赵括只知道死读他父亲的兵书，不知道随机应变。”赵王仍是不听。起初，赵括从小学习兵法时，就自以为天下无人可比。他曾与父亲赵奢讨论兵法，赵奢也难不倒他，但终究不说他有才干。赵括的母亲询问原因，赵奢说：“带兵打仗，就是出生入死，而赵括谈起来却很随便。赵国不用他为大将也还罢了，如果一定要用他，灭亡赵军的必定是赵括。”待到赵括将要出发，他的母亲急忙上书，指出赵括不能重用。赵王问：“为什么？”回答说：“当年我侍奉赵括的父亲，他做大将时，亲自去捧着饭碗招待的有几十位，他的朋友有 几百人。大王及宗室王族给他的赏赐，他全部分发给将士。他自接受命令之日起，就不再理睬家事。而赵括刚刚做了大将，就向东高坐，接受拜见，大小军官没人敢抬头正脸看他。大王赏给他的金银绸缎，全部拿回家藏起来，每天忙于察看有什么良田美宅可买的就买下。大王您以为他像父亲，其实他们父子用心完全不同。请大王千万不要派他去。”赵王却说：“老太太你不用管，我已经决定了。”赵括母亲便说：“万一赵括出了什么差错，我请求不要连累我治罪。”赵王同意了赵母的请求。","year":-260},{"chunk_index":0,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"应侯范睢","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[0],"source_sentence":"十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 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以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"通过平原君去劝说赵王","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”","year":-258},{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵国平原君赵胜","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 斜视魏无忌，只见他态度仍然十分谦和，于是告辞朋友登车，到了魏无忌府第。魏无忌引侯嬴坐在上座，向各位宾客介绍称赞他，宾客们都很惊讶。这时秦兵围困赵国首都邯郸，赵国平原君赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐。赵胜派到魏国求救的使者车马接连不断，指责魏无忌说：“赵胜我之所以与您联成姻亲，就是仰慕您的高尚道义，能够急人之危。现在邯郸早晚要落入秦国手中而魏国援兵裹足不前，即使您看不起我赵胜鄙弃我，难道也不可怜您的姐姐吗？”魏无忌十分焦急，多次请魏王命令大将晋鄙进兵救赵，又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说，然而魏王始终不为所动。魏无忌只好聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵国以死相拼。他路过夷门，去见侯嬴。侯嬴只淡淡地说：“公子您好自为之吧，我老了不能前去！”魏无忌离开后，走了数里，心中闷闷不快，又转回去见侯嬴。侯嬴笑着说：“我早就知道公子会回来！如今您没有别的办法而亲身去迎战秦军，好比用肉去投打饿虎，能有什么结果！”魏无忌于是下车再拜请教计策。侯嬴屏退左右随从悄声说道：“我听说晋鄙的调兵兵符在魏王卧室里，他最宠爱的如姬，有办法偷出来。曾听说公子您为如姬报过杀父之仇，如姬表示愿意为您办事，万死不辞。公子只要一开口，就可以得到调兵的虎符，夺去晋鄙的兵权，北上救赵，西抗强秦，建立五霸的功业了。”魏无忌照他的办法去做，果然拿到了兵符。临行前，侯嬴又说：“大将出征在外，君王的命令可以不接受。假如晋鄙以此合验兵符后仍不交出兵权，再向魏王请示，那事情就危险了。我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士，可以与您一齐去。晋鄙如果听从，最好不过。如果不听从，可以让朱亥打死他！”于是魏无忌又邀请朱亥前去。到了邺城，晋鄙合验兵符后，仍很怀疑，摆手看着魏无忌说：“我率领十万大军在边境驻扎，而你只孤身单车前来替代我，是怎么回事呢？”朱亥立即从袖中掣出四十斤重的铁锥，打死晋鄙，魏无忌便部署军队，下令说：“父子两人都在军队中的，父亲可以回去！兄弟两人都在军队中的，哥哥可以回去！独子一个没有兄弟的，可以回去奉养父母！”于是选定八万士兵，挥军前进。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"平原君赵胜","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国，与门下宾客留在赵国居住，派将军指挥军队回国。赵王与平原君赵胜商议，用五个城来赐封魏无忌。赵王布置打扫，亲自前去迎接魏无忌，以主人的礼节对待，引他由西面台阶登上大殿。魏无忌侧着身子辞让，从降一等级的东面台阶走上，自己口中说着罪过罪过，已经辜负了魏国，又对赵国没有什么功劳。赵王与魏无忌一直饮酒到天黑，因为魏无忌过于谦让，赵王始终不好意思说出送给他五个城的事。最后，赵王把城送给魏无忌，做为汤沐邑。后来，魏国也仍把魏无忌的原封地信陵送还给他。魏无忌听说赵国有个高士毛公隐居在赌徒之中，还有个薛公隐居在卖酒人家，想与他们见面，两人不肯见，魏无忌便徒步前去拜访，同他们出游。平原君赵胜听说后，不以为然。魏无忌便说：“我听说平原君是个贤德之人，才背弃魏国前去援救赵国。现在看他与一些人结交出游，只不过是阔绰的举动，不是为访求人才。我魏无忌跟着毛、薛二位出游，心里还直怕他们不愿意接纳我，平原君竟然认为这是羞耻！”于是整备行装，想离开赵国。赵胜急忙前去摘下帽子谢罪，魏无忌才留下。","year":-257},{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"平原君赵胜","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"平原君又想封赏鲁仲连，使者三次前往，他都不肯接受。赵胜又送去千金为鲁仲连祝寿，鲁仲连笑着说：“天下名士最看重的是，为别人排除困难、解决纠纷而无所要求。如果有所谋取，那就是商人的行为了！”于是告别平原君赵胜而离去，终身不再来见他。","year":-257}],"original_descriptions":["赵王封弟弟赵胜为平原君。平原君好养士，门下的食客常有几千人。","平原君让他和公孙龙辩论“白马非马”的观点","平原君赵胜","任用赵胜为国相","通过平原君去劝说赵王","赵国平原君赵胜"],"powers":["赵国"],"primary_power":"赵国","related_entities":["毛遂","赵丹","秦王〔卷5·段13·片段4〕","赵奢","楚王〔卷5·段14·片段2〕","赵王〔卷5·段15·片段3〕","鲁仲连","公孙龙","魏齐","邹衍","孔穿","魏无忌","赵王〔卷5·段2·片段2〕","赵王〔卷5·段14·片段2〕","赵胜的夫人","赵王〔卷5·段11·片段2〕","赵王〔卷3·段23·片段3〕"],"total_mentions":12,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756"},"赵胜的夫人":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["赵胜的夫人"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"赵胜的夫人","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756","description":"赵胜之妻、魏无忌之姐，姓名未明。","first_appearance_juan":5,"id":"赵胜的夫人","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":4,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[4],"source_sentence":"当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 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斜视魏无忌，只见他态度仍然十分谦和，于是告辞朋友登车，到了魏无忌府第。魏无忌引侯嬴坐在上座，向各位宾客介绍称赞他，宾客们都很惊讶。这时秦兵围困赵国首都邯郸，赵国平原君赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐。赵胜派到魏国求救的使者车马接连不断，指责魏无忌说：“赵胜我之所以与您联成姻亲，就是仰慕您的高尚道义，能够急人之危。现在邯郸早晚要落入秦国手中而魏国援兵裹足不前，即使您看不起我赵胜鄙弃我，难道也不可怜您的姐姐吗？”魏无忌十分焦急，多次请魏王命令大将晋鄙进兵救赵，又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说，然而魏王始终不为所动。魏无忌只好聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵国以死相拼。他路过夷门，去见侯嬴。侯嬴只淡淡地说：“公子您好自为之吧，我老了不能前去！”魏无忌离开后，走了数里，心中闷闷不快，又转回去见侯嬴。侯嬴笑着说：“我早就知道公子会回来！如今您没有别的办法而亲身去迎战秦军，好比用肉去投打饿虎，能有什么结果！”魏无忌于是下车再拜请教计策。侯嬴屏退左右随从悄声说道：“我听说晋鄙的调兵兵符在魏王卧室里，他最宠爱的如姬，有办法偷出来。曾听说公子您为如姬报过杀父之仇，如姬表示愿意为您办事，万死不辞。公子只要一开口，就可以得到调兵的虎符，夺去晋鄙的兵权，北上救赵，西抗强秦，建立五霸的功业了。”魏无忌照他的办法去做，果然拿到了兵符。临行前，侯嬴又说：“大将出征在外，君王的命令可以不接受。假如晋鄙以此合验兵符后仍不交出兵权，再向魏王请示，那事情就危险了。我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士，可以与您一齐去。晋鄙如果听从，最好不过。如果不听从，可以让朱亥打死他！”于是魏无忌又邀请朱亥前去。到了邺城，晋鄙合验兵符后，仍很怀疑，摆手看着魏无忌说：“我率领十万大军在边境驻扎，而你只孤身单车前来替代我，是怎么回事呢？”朱亥立即从袖中掣出四十斤重的铁锥，打死晋鄙，魏无忌便部署军队，下令说：“父子两人都在军队中的，父亲可以回去！兄弟两人都在军队中的，哥哥可以回去！独子一个没有兄弟的，可以回去奉养父母！”于是选定八万士兵，挥军前进。","year":-258},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏无忌率领援军","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏无忌率领援军在邯郸城下大破秦军，王撤除邯郸围军退走。另一秦将郑安平被赵军包围，率领二万人投降赵国，重用郑安平的范睢因此也被秦王治罪。","year":-257},{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国","segment_index":15,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国，与门下宾客留在赵国居住，派将军指挥军队回国。赵王与平原君赵胜商议，用五个城来赐封魏无忌。赵王布置打扫，亲自前去迎接魏无忌，以主人的礼节对待，引他由西面台阶登上大殿。魏无忌侧着身子辞让，从降一等级的东面台阶走上，自己口中说着罪过罪过，已经辜负了魏国，又对赵国没有什么功劳。赵王与魏无忌一直饮酒到天黑，因为魏无忌过于谦让，赵王始终不好意思说出送给他五个城的事。最后，赵王把城送给魏无忌，做为汤沐邑。后来，魏国也仍把魏无忌的原封地信陵送还给他。魏无忌听说赵国有个高士毛公隐居在赌徒之中，还有个薛公隐居在卖酒人家，想与他们见面，两人不肯见，魏无忌便徒步前去拜访，同他们出游。平原君赵胜听说后，不以为然。魏无忌便说：“我听说平原君是个贤德之人，才背弃魏国前去援救赵国。现在看他与一些人结交出游，只不过是阔绰的举动，不是为访求人才。我魏无忌跟着毛、薛二位出游，心里还直怕他们不愿意接纳我，平原君竟然认为这是羞耻！”于是整备行装，想离开赵国。赵胜急忙前去摘下帽子谢罪，魏无忌才留下。","year":-257}],"original_descriptions":["他的弟弟魏无忌","信陵君魏无忌","魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人","魏无忌率领援军","魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["毛公","如姬","赵王〔卷5·段15·片段3〕","援军","赵国","赵胜的夫人","虞卿","薛公","魏安王","魏齐","晋鄙","魏无忌门下宾客","秦军","侯嬴","魏国","将军〔卷5·段15·片段3〕","朱亥","魏王〔卷5·段14·片段5〕","赵胜"],"total_mentions":5,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543756"},"魏昭王":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["魏昭王"],"appearance_count":3,"canonical_name":"魏昭王","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756","description":"魏国君王，本年去世，儿子继位为魏安王。","first_appearance_juan":4,"id":"魏昭王","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[4],"last_appearance_juan":4,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":3,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"其子即位为魏昭王","segment_index":2,"sentence_indexes":[3],"source_sentence":"魏国魏襄王去世，其子即位为魏昭王。","year":-296},{"chunk_index":12,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"魏昭王任用他为国相","segment_index":19,"sentence_indexes":[12],"source_sentence":"起初，齐王灭掉宋国以后，想驱逐在薛地的孟尝君，孟尝君便投奔魏国，魏昭王任用他为国相，与各国联合攻破齐国，齐王死后，齐襄王光复国土，而孟尝君独立于各国之间，无所依属。齐襄王因为新即位，害怕孟尝君，便与他和好。孟尝君死后，几个儿子争夺权力，齐国、魏国趁机共同灭掉薛地，于是孟尝君断了后代。","year":-279},{"chunk_index":1,"juan_index":4,"original_description":"魏昭王去世","segment_index":21,"sentence_indexes":[1],"source_sentence":"魏国魏昭王去世，其子即位为魏安王。","year":-277}],"original_descriptions":["其子即位为魏昭王","魏昭王任用他为国相","魏昭王去世"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["魏安王","孟尝君","魏襄王"],"total_mentions":3,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.541756"},"魏桓子":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["魏桓子"],"appearance_count":5,"canonical_name":"魏桓子","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.535756","description":"参与围攻晋阳，为巡视水势的智瑶驾车，并与韩康子暗中示意；否认疵关于韩、魏将反叛的判断。","first_appearance_juan":1,"id":"魏桓子","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[1],"last_appearance_juan":1,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":11,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"他与韩康子、魏桓子在蓝台饮宴","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[11],"source_sentence":"等到智宣子去世，智襄子智瑶当政，他与韩康子、魏桓子在蓝台饮宴，席间智瑶戏弄韩康子，又侮辱他的家相段规。智瑶的家臣智国听说此事，就告诫说：“主公您不提防招来灾祸，灾祸就一定会来了！”智瑶说：“人的生死灾祸都取决于我。我不给他们降临灾祸，谁还敢兴风作浪！”智国又说：“这话可不妥。《夏书》中说：‘一个人屡次三番犯错误，结下的仇怨岂能在明处，应该在它没有表现时就提防。’贤德的人能够谨慎地处理小事，所以不会招致大祸。现在主公一次宴会就开罪了人家的主君和臣相，又不戒备，说：‘不敢兴风作浪。’这种态度恐怕不行吧。蚊子、蚂蚁、蜜蜂、蝎子，都能害人，何况是国君、国相呢！”智瑶不听。","year":-403},{"chunk_index":12,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"魏桓子想不给","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[12],"source_sentence":"智瑶向韩康子要地，韩康子想不给。段规说：“智瑶贪财好利，又刚愎自用，如果不给，一定讨伐我们，不如姑且给他。他拿到地更加狂妄，一定又会向别人索要；别人不给，他必定向人动武用兵，这样我们就可以免于祸患而伺机行动了。”韩康子说：“好主意。”便派了使臣去送上有万户居民的领地。智瑶大喜，果然又向魏桓子提出索地要求，魏桓子想不给。家相任章问：“为崐什么不给呢？”魏桓子说：“无缘无故来要地，所以不给。”任章说：“智瑶无缘无故强索他人领地，一定会引起其他大夫官员的警惧；我们给智瑶地，他一定会骄傲。他骄傲而轻敌，我们警惧而互相亲善；用精诚团结之兵来对付狂妄轻敌的智瑶，智家的命运一定不会长久了。《周书》说：‘要打败敌人，必须暂时听从他；要夺取敌人利益，必须先给他一些好处。’主公不如先答应智瑶的要求，让他骄傲自大，然后我们可以选择盟友共同图谋，又何必单独以我们作智瑶的靶子呢！”魏桓子说：“对。”也交给智瑶一个有万户的封地。","year":-403},{"chunk_index":14,"juan_index":1,"original_description":"魏桓子为他驾车","segment_index":1,"sentence_indexes":[14],"source_sentence":"智瑶、韩康子、魏桓子三家围住晋阳，引水灌城。城墙头只差三版的地方没有被淹没，锅灶都被泡塌，青蛙孳生，人民仍是没有背叛之意。智瑶巡视水势，魏桓子为他驾车，韩康子站在右边护卫。智瑶说：“我今天才知道水可以让人亡国。”魏桓子用胳膊肘碰了一下韩康子，韩康子也踩了一下魏桓子脚。因为汾水可以灌魏国都城安邑，绛水也可以灌韩国都城平阳。智家的谋士疵对智瑶说：“韩、魏两家肯定会反叛。”智瑶问：“你何以知道？”疵说：“以人之常情而论。我们调集韩、魏两家的军队来围攻赵家，赵家覆亡，下次灾难一定是连及韩、魏两家了。现在我们约定灭掉赵家后三家分割其地，晋阳城仅差三版就被水淹没，城内宰马为食，破城已是指日可待。然而韩康子、魏桓子两人没有高兴的心情，反倒面有忧色，这不是必反又是什么？”第二天，智瑶把疵的话告诉了韩、魏二人，二人说：“这一定是离间小人想为赵家游说，让主公您怀疑我们韩、魏两家而放松对赵家的进攻。不然的话，我们两家岂不是放着早晚就分到手的赵家田土不要，而要去干那危险必不可成的事吗？”两人出去，疵进来说：“主公为什么把臣下我的话告诉他们两人呢？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联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。","year":-273}],"original_descriptions":["魏王只好屈服"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["秦国"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.543756"},"魏王〔卷5·段13·片段3〕":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["魏王〔卷5·段13·片段3〕"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"魏王〔卷5·段13·片段3〕","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756","description":"征询秦国攻赵对策、聘任孔斌为相的魏国君主，具体姓名未明。","first_appearance_juan":5,"id":"魏王〔卷5·段13·片段3〕","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏王征求群臣对此事的对策","segment_index":13,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”","year":-259}],"original_descriptions":["魏王征求群臣对此事的对策"],"powers":["魏国"],"primary_power":"魏国","related_entities":["群臣〔卷5·段13·片段3〕","使者","孔斌"],"total_mentions":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756"},"魏王〔卷5·段14·片段3〕":{"active_period":null,"all_names":["魏王〔卷5·段14·片段3〕"],"appearance_count":1,"canonical_name":"魏王〔卷5·段14·片段3〕","created_at":"2026-10-18T17:54:55.545756","description":"先派晋鄙救赵，后因秦王威胁令其停止前进，又派新垣衍劝赵王尊秦王为帝；具体姓名未明。","first_appearance_juan":5,"id":"魏王〔卷5·段14·片段3〕","juan_span":1,"juans_appeared":[5],"last_appearance_juan":5,"occurrences":[{"chunk_index":2,"juan_index":5,"original_description":"魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵","segment_index":14,"sentence_indexes":[2],"source_sentence":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：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不提防招来灾祸，灾祸就一定会来了！”智瑶说：“人的生死灾祸都取决于我。我不给他们降临灾祸，谁还敢兴风作浪！”智国又说：“这话可不妥。《夏书》中说：‘一个人屡次三番犯错误，结下的仇怨岂能在明处，应该在它没有表现时就提防。’贤德的人能够谨慎地处理小事，所以不会招致大祸。现在主公一次宴会就开罪了人家的主君和臣相，又不戒备，说：‘不敢兴风作浪。’这种态度恐怕不行吧。蚊子、蚂蚁、蜜蜂、蝎子，都能害人，何况是国君、国相呢！”智瑶不听。"},"1-1-12":{"original":"智伯请地于韩康子，康子欲弗与。段规曰：“智伯好利而愎，不与，将伐我；不如与之。彼狃于得地，必请于他人；他人不与，必响之以兵，然后我得免于患而待事之变矣。”康子曰：“善。”使使者致万家之邑于智伯。智伯悦。又求地于魏桓子，桓子欲弗与。任章曰：“何故弗与？”桓子曰：“无故索地，故弗与。”任章曰：“无故索地，诸大夫必惧；吾与之地，智伯必骄。彼骄而轻敌，此惧而相亲；以相亲之兵待轻敌之人，智氏之命必不长矣。《周书》曰：‘将欲败之，必姑辅之。将欲取之，必姑与之。’主不如与之，以骄智伯，然后可以择交而图智氏矣，柰何独以吾为智氏质乎！”桓子曰：“善。”复与之万家之邑一。","translated":"智瑶向韩康子要地，韩康子想不给。段规说：“智瑶贪财好利，又刚愎自用，如果不给，一定讨伐我们，不如姑且给他。他拿到地更加狂妄，一定又会向别人索要；别人不给，他必定向人动武用兵，这样我们就可以免于祸患而伺机行动了。”韩康子说：“好主意。”便派了使臣去送上有万户居民的领地。智瑶大喜，果然又向魏桓子提出索地要求，魏桓子想不给。家相任章问：“为崐什么不给呢？”魏桓子说：“无缘无故来要地，所以不给。”任章说：“智瑶无缘无故强索他人领地，一定会引起其他大夫官员的警惧；我们给智瑶地，他一定会骄傲。他骄傲而轻敌，我们警惧而互相亲善；用精诚团结之兵来对付狂妄轻敌的智瑶，智家的命运一定不会长久了。《周书》说：‘要打败敌人，必须暂时听从他；要夺取敌人利益，必须先给他一些好处。’主公不如先答应智瑶的要求，让他骄傲自大，然后我们可以选择盟友共同图谋，又何必单独以我们作智瑶的靶子呢！”魏桓子说：“对。”也交给智瑶一个有万户的封地。"},"1-1-13":{"original":"智伯又求蔡、皋狼之地于赵襄子，襄子弗与。智伯怒，帅韩、魏之甲以攻赵氏。襄子将出，曰：“吾何走乎？”从者曰：“长子近，且城厚完。”襄子曰：“民罢力以完之，又毙死以守之，其谁与我！”从者曰：“邯郸之仓库实。”襄子曰：“浚民之膏泽以实之，又因而杀之，其谁与我！其晋阳乎，先主之所属也，尹铎之所宽也，民必和矣。”乃走晋阳。","translated":"智瑶又向赵襄子要蔡和皋狼的地方。赵襄子拒绝不给。智瑶勃然大怒，率领韩、魏两家甲兵前去攻打赵家。赵襄子准备出逃。问：“我到哪里去呢？”随从说：“长子城最近，而且城墙坚厚又完整。”赵襄子说：“百姓精疲力尽地修完城墙，又要他们舍生入死地为我守城，谁能和我同心？”随从又说：“邯郸城里仓库充实。”赵襄子说：“搜刮民脂民膏才使仓库充实，现在又因战争让他们送命，谁会和我同心。还是投奔晋阳吧，那是先主的地盘，尹铎又待百姓宽厚，人民一定能同我们和衷共济。”于是前往晋阳。"},"1-1-14":{"original":"三家以国人围而灌之，城不浸者三版；沈灶产蛙，民无叛意。智伯行水，魏桓子御，韩康子骖乘。智伯曰：“吾乃今知水可以亡人国也。”桓子肘康子，康子履桓子之跗，以汾水可以灌安邑，绛水可以灌平阳也。疵谓智伯曰：“韩、魏必反矣。”智伯曰：“子何以知之？”疵曰：“以人事知之。夫从韩、魏之兵以攻赵，赵亡，难必及韩、魏矣。今约胜赵而三分其地，城不没者三版，人马相食，城降有日，而二子无喜志，有忧色，是非反而何？”明日，智伯以疵之言告二子，二子曰：“此夫谗人欲为赵氏游说，使主疑于二家而懈于攻赵氏也。不然，夫二家岂不利朝夕分赵氏之田，而欲为危难不可成之事乎！”二子出，疵入曰：“主何以臣之言告二子也？”智伯曰：“子何以知之？”对曰：“臣见其视臣端而趋疾，知臣得其情故也。”智伯不悛。疵请使于齐。","translated":"智瑶、韩康子、魏桓子三家围住晋阳，引水灌城。城墙头只差三版的地方没有被淹没，锅灶都被泡塌，青蛙孳生，人民仍是没有背叛之意。智瑶巡视水势，魏桓子为他驾车，韩康子站在右边护卫。智瑶说：“我今天才知道水可以让人亡国。”魏桓子用胳膊肘碰了一下韩康子，韩康子也踩了一下魏桓子脚。因为汾水可以灌魏国都城安邑，绛水也可以灌韩国都城平阳。智家的谋士疵对智瑶说：“韩、魏两家肯定会反叛。”智瑶问：“你何以知道？”疵说：“以人之常情而论。我们调集韩、魏两家的军队来围攻赵家，赵家覆亡，下次灾难一定是连及韩、魏两家了。现在我们约定灭掉赵家后三家分割其地，晋阳城仅差三版就被水淹没，城内宰马为食，破城已是指日可待。然而韩康子、魏桓子两人没有高兴的心情，反倒面有忧色，这不是必反又是什么？”第二天，智瑶把疵的话告诉了韩、魏二人，二人说：“这一定是离间小人想为赵家游说，让主公您怀疑我们韩、魏两家而放松对赵家的进攻。不然的话，我们两家岂不是放着早晚就分到手的赵家田土不要，而要去干那危险必不可成的事吗？”两人出去，疵进来说：“主公为什么把臣下我的话告诉他们两人呢？”智瑶惊奇地反问：“你怎么知道的？”回答说：“我见他们认真看我而匆忙离去，因为他们知道我看穿了他们的心思。”智瑶不改。于是疵请求让他出使齐国。"},"1-1-15":{"original":"赵襄子使张孟谈潜出见二子，曰：“臣闻唇亡则齿寒。今智伯帅韩、魏以攻赵，赵亡则韩、魏为之次矣。”二子曰：“我心知其然也；恐事未遂而谋泄，则祸立至矣。”张孟谈曰：“谋出二主之口，入臣之耳，何伤也！”二子乃潜与张孟谈约，为之期日而遣之。襄子夜使人杀守堤之吏，而决水灌智伯军。智伯军救水而乱，韩、魏翼而击之，襄子将卒犯其前，大败智伯之众，遂杀智伯，尽灭智氏之族。唯辅果在。","translated":"赵襄子派张孟谈秘密出城来见韩、魏二人，说：“我听说唇亡齿寒。现在智瑶率领韩、魏两家来围攻赵家，赵家灭亡就该轮到韩、魏了。”韩康子、魏崐桓子也说：“我们心里也知道会这样，只怕事情还未办好而计谋先泄露出去，就会马上大祸临头。”张孟谈又说：“计谋出自二位主公之口，进入我一人耳朵，有何伤害呢？”于是两人秘密地与张孟谈商议，约好起事日期后送他回城了。夜里，赵襄子派人杀掉智军守堤官吏，使大水决口反灌智瑶军营。智瑶军队为救水淹而大乱，韩、魏两家军队乘机从两翼夹击，赵襄子率士兵从正面迎头痛击，大败智家军，于是杀死智瑶，又将智家族人尽行诛灭。只有辅果得以幸免。"},"1-1-16":{"original":"臣光曰：智伯之亡也，才胜德也。夫才与德异，而世俗莫之能辨，通谓之贤，此其所以失人也。夫聪察强毅之谓才，正直中和之谓德。才者，德之资也；德者，才之帅也。云梦之竹，天下之劲也；然而不矫揉，不羽括，则不能以入坚。棠之金，天下之利也；然而不熔范，不砥砺，则不能以击强。是故才德全尽谓之“圣人”，才德兼亡谓之“愚人”；德胜才谓之“君子”，才胜德谓之“小人”。凡取人之术，苟不得圣人、君子而与之，与其得小人，不若得愚人。何则？君子挟才以为善，小人挟才以为恶。挟才以为善者，善无不至矣；挟才以为恶者，恶亦无不至矣。愚者虽欲为不善，智不能周，力不能胜，譬如乳狗搏人，人得而制之。小人智足以遂其奸，勇足以决其暴，是虎而翼者也，其为害岂不多哉！夫德者人之所严，而才者人之所爱；爱者易亲，严者易疏，是以察者多蔽于才而遗于德。自古昔以来，国之乱臣，家之败子，才有馀而德不足，以至于颠覆者多矣，岂特智伯哉！故为国为家者苟能审于才德之分而知所先后，又何失人之足患哉！","translated":"臣司马光曰：智瑶的灭亡，在于才胜过德。才与德是不同的两回事，而世俗之人往往分不清，一概而论之曰贤明，于是就看错了人。所谓才，是指聪明、明察、坚强、果毅；所谓德，是指正直、公道、平和待人。才，是德的辅助；德，是才的统帅。云梦地方的竹子，天下都称为刚劲，然而如果不矫正其曲，不配上羽毛，就不能作为利箭穿透坚物。棠地方出产的铜材，天下都称为精利，然而如果不经熔烧铸造，不锻打出锋，就不能作为兵器击穿硬甲。所以，德才兼备称之为圣人；无德无才称之为愚人；德胜过才称之为君子；才胜过德称之为小人。挑选人才的方法，如果找不到圣人、君子而委任，与其得到小人，不如得到愚人。原因何在？因为君子持有才干把它用到善事上；而小人持有才干用来作恶。持有才干作善事，能处处行善；而凭借才干作恶，就无恶不作了。愚人尽管想作恶，因为智慧不济，气力不胜任，好像小狗扑人，人还能制服它。而小人既有足够的阴谋诡计来发挥邪恶，又有足够的力量来逞凶施暴，就如恶虎生翼，他的危害难道不大吗！有德的人令人尊敬，有才的人使人喜爱；对喜爱的人容易宠信专任，对尊敬的人容易疏远，所以察选人才者经常被人的才干所蒙蔽而忘记了考察他的品德。自古至今，国家的乱臣奸佞，家族的败家浪子，因为才有余而德不足，导致家国覆亡的多了，又何止智瑶呢！所以治国治家者如果能审察才与德两种不同的标准，知道选择的先后，又何必担心失去人才呢！"},"1-1-17":{"original":"[3]三家分智氏之田。赵襄子漆智伯之头，以为饮器。智伯之臣豫让欲为之报仇，乃诈为刑人，挟匕首，入襄子宫中涂厕。襄子如厕心动，索之，获豫让。左右欲杀之，襄子曰：“智伯死无后，而此人欲为报仇，真义士也，吾谨避之耳。”乃舍之。豫让又漆身为癞，吞炭为哑。行乞于市，其妻不识也。行见其友，其友识之，为之泣曰：“以子之才，臣事赵孟，必得近幸。子乃为所欲为，顾不易邪？何乃自苦如此？求以报仇，不亦难乎！”豫让曰：“既已委质为臣，而又求杀之，是二心也。凡吾所为者，极难耳。然所以为此者，将以愧天下后世之为人臣怀二心者也。”襄子出，豫让伏于桥下。襄子至桥，马惊；索之，得豫让，遂杀之。","translated":"[3]赵、韩、魏三家瓜分智家的田土，赵襄子把智瑶的头骨涂上漆，作为饮具。智瑶的家臣豫让想为主公报仇，就化装为罪人，怀揣匕首，混到赵襄子的宫室中打扫厕所。赵襄子上厕所时，忽然心动不安，令人搜索，抓获了豫让。左右随从要将他杀死，赵襄子说：“智瑶已死无后人，而此人还要为他报仇，真是一个义士，我小心躲避他好了。”于是释放豫让。豫让用漆涂身，弄成一个癞疮病人，又吞下火炭，弄哑嗓音。在街市上乞讨，连结发妻子见面也认不出来。路上遇到朋友，朋友认出他，为他垂泪道：“以你的才干，如果投靠赵家，一定会成为亲信，那时你就为所欲为，不是易如反掌吗？何苦自残形体崐以至于此？这样来图谋报仇，不是太困难了吗！”豫让说：“我要是委身于赵家为臣，再去刺杀他，就是怀有二心。我现在这种做法，是极困难的。然而之所以还要这样做，就是为了让天下与后世做人臣子而怀有二心的人感到羞愧。”赵襄子乘车出行，豫让潜伏在桥下。赵襄子到了桥前，马突然受惊，进行搜索，捕获豫让，于是杀死他。"},"1-1-18":{"original":"襄子为伯鲁之不立也，有子五人，不肯置后。封伯鲁之子于代，曰代成君，早卒；立其子浣为赵氏后。襄子卒，弟桓子逐浣而自立；一年卒。赵氏之人曰：“桓子立非襄主意。”乃共杀其子，复迎浣而立之，是为献子。献子生籍，是为烈侯。魏斯者，魏桓子之孙也，是为文侯。韩康子生武子；武子生虔，是为景侯。","translated":"赵襄子因为赵简子没有立哥哥伯鲁为继承人，自己虽然有五个儿子，也不肯立为继承人。他封赵伯鲁的儿子于代国，称代成君，早逝；又立其子赵浣为赵家的继承人。赵襄子死后，弟弟赵桓子就驱逐赵浣，自立为国君，继位一年也死了。赵家的族人说：“赵桓子做国君本来就不是赵襄子的主意。”大家一起杀死了赵桓子的儿子，再迎回赵浣，拥立为国君，这就是赵献子。赵献子生子名赵籍，就是赵烈侯。魏斯，是魏桓子的孙子，就是魏文侯。韩康子生子名韩武子，武子又生韩虔，被封为韩景侯。"},"1-1-19":{"original":"魏文侯以卜子夏、田子方为师。每过段干木之庐必式。四方贤士多归之。","translated":"魏文侯魏斯以卜子夏、田子方为国师，他每次经过名士段干木的住宅，都要在车上俯首行礼。四方贤才德士很多前来归附他。"},"1-1-2":{"original":"夫以四海之广，兆民之众，受制于一人，虽有绝伦之力，高世之智，莫不奔走而服役者，岂非以礼为之纪纲哉！是故天子统三公，三公率诸侯，诸侯制卿大夫，卿大夫治士庶人。贵以临贱，贱以承贵。上之使下犹心腹之运手足，根本之制支叶，下之事上犹手足之卫心腹，支叶之庇本根，然后能上下相保而国家治安。故曰天子之职莫大于礼也。","translated":"四海之广，亿民之众，都受制于天子一人。尽管是才能超群、智慧绝伦的人，也不能不在天子足下为他奔走服务，这难道不是以礼作为礼纪朝纲的作用吗！所以，天子统率三公，三公督率诸侯国君，诸侯国君节制卿、大夫官员，卿、大夫官员又统治士人百姓。权贵支配贱民，贱民服从权贵。上层指挥下层就好像人的心腹控制四肢行动，树木的根和干支配枝和叶；下层服侍上层就好像人的四肢卫护心腹，树木的枝和叶遮护根和干，这样才能上下层互相保护，从而使国家得到长治久安。所以说，天子的职责没有比维护礼制更重要的了。"},"1-1-20":{"original":"文侯与群臣饮酒，乐，而天雨，命驾将适野。左右曰：“今日饮酒乐，天又雨，君将安之？”文侯曰：“吾与虞人期猎，虽乐，岂可无一会期哉！”乃往，身自罢之。","translated":"魏文侯与群臣饮酒，奏乐间，下起了大雨，魏文侯却下令备车前往山野之中。左右侍臣问：“今天饮酒正乐，外面又下着大雨，国君打算到哪里去呢？”魏文侯说：“我与山野村长约好了去打猎，虽然这里很快乐，也不能不遵守约定！”于是前去，亲自告诉停猎。"},"1-1-21":{"original":"韩借师于魏以伐赵，文侯曰：“寡人与赵，兄弟也，不敢闻命。”赵借师于魏以伐韩，文侯应之亦然。二国皆怒而去。已而知文侯以讲于己也，皆朝于魏。魏于是始大于三晋，诸侯莫能与之争。","translated":"韩国邀请魏国出兵攻打赵国。魏文侯说：“我与赵国，是兄弟之邦，不敢从命。”赵国也来向魏国借兵讨伐韩国，魏文侯仍然用同样的理由拒绝了。两国使者都怒气冲冲地离去。后来两国得知魏文侯对自己的和睦态度，都前来朝拜魏国。魏国于是开始成为魏、赵、韩三国之首，各诸侯国都不能和它争雄。"},"1-1-22":{"original":"使乐羊伐中山，克之；以封其子击。文侯问于群臣曰：“我何如主？”皆曰：“仁君。”任座曰：“君得中山，不以封君之弟而以封君之子，何谓仁君！”文侯怒，任座趋出。次问翟璜，对曰：“仁君。”文侯曰：“何以知之？”对曰：“臣闻君仁则臣直。向者任座之言直，臣是以知之。”文侯悦，使翟璜召任座而反之，亲下堂迎之，以为上客。","translated":"魏文侯派乐羊攻打中山国，予以攻克，封给自己的儿子魏击。魏文侯问群臣：“我是什么样的君主？”大家都说：“您是仁德的君主！”只有任座说：“国君您得了中山国，不用来封您的弟弟，却封给自己的儿子，这算什么仁德君主！”魏文侯勃然大怒，任座快步离开。魏文侯又问翟璜，翟璜回答说：“您是仁德君主。”魏文侯问：“你何以知道？”回答说：“臣下我听说国君仁德，他的臣子就敢直言。刚才任座的话很耿直，于是我知道您是仁德君主。”魏文侯大喜，派翟璜去追任座回来，还亲自下殿堂去迎接，奉为上客。"},"1-1-23":{"original":"文侯与田子方饮，文侯曰：“钟声不比乎？左高。”田子方笑。文侯曰：“何笑？”子方曰：“臣闻之，君明乐官，不明乐音。今君审于音，臣恐其聋于官也。”文侯曰：“善。”","translated":"魏文侯与田子方饮酒，文侯说：“编钟的乐声不协调吗？左边高。”田子方笑了，魏文侯问：“你笑什么？”田子方说：“臣下我听说，国君懂得任用乐官，不必懂得乐音。现在国君您精通音乐，我担心您会疏忽了任用官员的职责。”魏文侯说：“对。”"},"1-1-24":{"original":"子击出，遭田子方于道，下车伏谒。子方不为礼。子击怒，谓子方曰：“富贵者骄人乎？贫贱者骄人乎？”子方曰：“亦贫贱者骄人耳，富贵者安敢骄崐人！国君而骄人则失其国，大夫而骄人则失其家。失其国者未闻有以国待之者也，失其家者未闻有以家待之者也。夫士贫贱者，言不用，行不合，则纳履而去耳，安往而不得贫贱哉！”子击乃谢之。","translated":"魏文侯的公子魏击出行，途中遇见国师田子方，下车伏拜行礼。田子方却不作回礼。魏击怒气冲冲地对田子方说：“富贵的人能对人骄傲呢，还是贫贱的人能对人骄傲？”田子方说：“当然是贫贱的人能对人骄傲啦，富贵的人哪里敢对人骄傲呢！国君对人骄傲就将亡国，大夫对人骄傲就将失去采地。失去国家的人，没有听说有以国主对待他的；失去采地的人，也没有听说有以家主对待他的。贫贱的游士呢，话不听，行为不合意，就穿上鞋子告辞了，到哪里得不到贫贱呢！”魏击于是谢罪。"},"1-1-25":{"original":"文侯谓李克曰：“先生尝有言曰：‘家贫思良妻；国乱思良相。’今所置非成则璜，二子何如？”对曰：“卑不谋尊，疏不谋戚。臣在阙门之外，不敢当命。”文侯曰：“先生临事勿让！”克曰：“君弗察故也。居视其所亲，富视其所与，达视其所举，穷视其所不为，贫视其所不取，五者足以定之矣，何待克哉！”文侯曰：“先生就舍，吾之相定矣。”李克出，见翟璜。翟璜曰：“今者闻君召先生而卜相，果谁为之？”克曰：“魏成。”翟璜忿然作色曰：“西河守吴起，臣所进也。君内以邺为忧，臣进西门豹。君欲伐中山，臣进乐羊。中山已拔，无使守之，臣进先生。君之子无傅，臣进屈侯鲋。以耳目之所睹记，臣何负于魏成！”李克曰：“子言克于子之君者，岂将比周以求大官哉？君问相于克，克之对如是。所以知君之必相魏成者，魏成食禄千钟，什九在外，什一在内；是以东得卜子夏、田子方、段干木。此三人者，君皆师之；子所进五人者，君皆臣之。子恶得与魏成比也！”翟璜逡巡再拜曰：“璜，鄙人也，失对，愿卒为弟子！”","translated":"魏文侯问李克：“先生曾经说过：‘家贫思良妻，国乱思良相。’现在我选相不是魏成就是翟璜，这两人怎么样？”李克回答说：“下属不参与尊长的事，外人不过问亲戚的事。臣子我在朝外任职，不敢接受命令。”魏文侯说：“先生不要临事推让！”李克说道：“国君您没有仔细观察呀！看人，平时看他所亲近的，富贵时看他所交往的，显赫时看他所推荐的，穷困时看他所不做的，贫贱时看他所不取的。仅此五条，就足以去断定人，又何必要等我指明呢！”魏文侯说：“先生请回府吧，我的国相已经选定了。”李克离去，遇到翟璜。翟璜问：“听说今天国君召您去征求宰相人选，到底定了谁呢？”李克说：“魏成。”翟璜立刻忿忿不平地变了脸色，说：“西河守令吴起，是我推荐的。国君担心内地的邺县，我推荐西门豹。国君想征伐中山国，我推荐乐羊。中山国攻克之后，没有人去镇守，我推荐了先生您。国君的公子没有老师，我推荐了屈侯鲋。凭耳闻目睹的这些事实，我哪点儿比魏成差！”李克说：“你把我介绍给你的国君，难道是为了结党以谋求高官吗？国君问我宰相的人选，我说了刚才那一番话。我所以推断国君肯定会选中魏成为相，是因为魏成享有千钟的傣禄，十分之九都用在外面，只有十分之一留作家用，所以向东得到了卜子夏、田子方、段干木。这三个人，国君都奉他们为老师；而你所举荐的五人，国君都任用为臣属。你怎么能和魏成比呢！”翟璜听罢徘徊不敢进前，一再行礼说：“我翟璜，真是个粗人，失礼了，愿终身为您的弟子！”"},"1-1-26":{"original":"吴起者，卫人，仕于鲁。齐人伐鲁，鲁人欲以为将，起取齐女为妻，鲁人疑之，起杀妻以求将，大破齐师。或谮之鲁侯曰：“起始事曾参，母死不奔丧，曾参绝之；今又杀妻以求为君将。起，残忍薄行人也！且以鲁国区区而有胜敌之名，则诸侯图鲁矣。”起恐得罪，闻魏文侯贤，乃往归之。文侯问诸李克，李克曰：“起贪而好色；然用兵，司马穰苴弗能过也。”于是文侯以为将，击秦，拔五城。","translated":"吴起，卫国人，在鲁国任官。齐国攻打鲁国，鲁国想任用吴起为将，但吴起娶的妻子是齐国人，鲁国猜疑吴起。于是，吴起杀死了自己的妻子，求得大将，大破齐国军队。有人在鲁国国君面前攻击他说：“吴起当初曾师事曾参，母亲死了也不回去治丧，曾参与他断绝关系。现在他又杀死妻子来求得您的大将职位。吴起，真是一个残忍缺德的人！况且，以我们小小的鲁国能有战胜齐国的名气，各个国家都要来算计鲁国了。”吴起恐怕鲁国治他的罪，又听说魏文侯贤明，于是就前去投奔。魏文侯征求李克的意见，李克说：“吴起为人贪婪而好色，然而他的用兵之道，连齐国的名将司马穰苴也超不过他。”于是魏文侯崐任命吴起为大将，攻击秦国，攻占五座城。"},"1-1-27":{"original":"起之为将，与士卒最下者同衣食，卧不设席，行不骑乘，亲裹赢粮，与士卒分劳苦。卒有病疽者，起为吮之。卒母闻而哭之。人曰：“子，卒也，而将军自吮其疽，何哭为？”母曰：“非然也。往年吴公吮其父疽，其父战不旋踵，遂死于敌。吴公今又吮其子，妾不知其死所矣，是以哭之。”","translated":"吴起做大将，与最下等的士兵同样穿衣吃饭，睡觉不铺席子，行军也不骑马，亲自挑上士兵的粮食，与士兵们分担疾苦。有个士兵患了毒疮，吴起为他吸吮毒汁。士兵的母亲听说后却痛哭。有人奇怪地问：“你的儿子是个士兵，而吴起将军亲自为他吸吮毒疮，你为什么哭？”士兵母亲答道：“不是这样啊！当年吴将军为孩子的父亲吸过毒疮，他父亲作战从不后退，就战死在敌阵中了。吴将军现在又为我儿子吸毒疮，我不知道他该死在哪里了，所以哭他。”"},"1-1-28":{"original":"[4]燕公薨，子僖公立。","translated":"[4]燕国燕公去世，其子燕僖公即位。"},"1-1-3":{"original":"文王序《易》，以乾、坤为首。孔子系之曰：“天尊地卑，乾坤定矣。卑高以陈，贵贱位矣。”言君臣之位犹天地之不可易也。《春秋》抑诸侯，尊王室，王人虽微，序于诸侯之上，以是见圣人于君臣之际未尝不也。非有桀、纣之暴，汤、武之仁，人归之，天命之，君臣之分当守节伏死而已矣。是故以微子而代纣则成汤配天矣，以季札而君吴则太伯血食矣，然二子宁亡国而不为者，诚以礼之大节不可乱也。故曰礼莫大于分也。","translated":"周文王演绎排列《易经》，以乾、坤为首位。孔子解释说：“天尊贵，地卑微，阳阴于是确定。由低至高排列有序，贵贱也就各得其位。”这是说君主和臣子之间的上下关系就像天和地一样不能互易。《春秋》一书贬低诸侯，尊崇周王室，尽管周王室的官吏地位不高，在书中排列顺序仍在诸侯国君之上，由此可见孔圣人对于君臣关系的关注。如果不是夏桀、商纣那样的暴虐昏君，对手又遇上商汤、周武王这样的仁德明主，使人民归心、上天赐命的话，君臣之间的名分只能是作臣子的恪守臣节，矢死不渝。所以如果商朝立贤明的微子为国君来取代纣王，成汤创立的商朝就可以永配上天；而吴国如果以仁德的季札做君主，开国之君太伯也可以永享祭祀。然而微子、季札二人宁肯国家灭亡也不愿做君主，实在是因为礼教的大节绝不可因此破坏。所以说，礼教中最重要的就是地位高下的区分。"},"1-1-4":{"original":"夫礼，辨贵贱，序亲疏，裁群物，制庶事，非名不著，非器不形；名以命之，器以别之，然后上下粲然有伦，此礼之大经也。名器既亡，则礼安得独在哉！昔仲叔于奚有功于卫，辞邑而请繁缨，孔子以为不如多与之邑。惟名与器，不可以假人，君之所司也；政亡则国家从之。卫君待孔子而为政，孔子欲先正名，以为名不正则民无所措手足。夫繁缨，小物也，而孔子惜之；正名，细务也，而孔子先之：诚以名器既乱则上下无以相保故也。夫事未有不生于微而成于著，圣人之虑远，故能谨其微而治之，众人之识近，故必待其著而后救之；治其微则用力寡而功多，救其著则竭力而不能及也。《易》曰：“履霜坚冰至，”《书》曰：“一日二日万几，”谓此类也。故曰分莫大于名也。","translated":"所谓礼教，在于分辨贵贱，排比亲疏，裁决万物，处理日常事物。没有一定的名位，就不能显扬；没有器物，就不能表现。只有用名位来分别称呼，用器物来分别标志，然后上下才能井然有序。这就是礼教的根本所在。如果名位、器物都没有了，那么礼教又怎么能单独存在呢！当年仲叔于奚为卫国建立了大功，他谢绝了赏赐的封地，却请求允许他享用贵族才应有的马饰。孔子认为不如多赏赐他一些封地，惟独名位和器物，绝不能假与他人，这是君王的职权象征；处理政事不坚持原则，国家也就会随着走向危亡。卫国国君期待孔子为他崐处理政事，孔子却先要确立名位，认为名位不正则百姓无所是从。马饰，是一种小器物，而孔子却珍惜它的价值；正名位，是一件小事情，而孔子却要先从它做起，就是因为名位、器物一紊乱，国家上下就无法相安互保。没有一件事情不是从微小之处产生而逐渐发展显著的，圣贤考虑久远，所以能够谨慎对待微小的变故及时予以处理；常人见识短浅，所以必等弊端闹大才来设法挽救。矫正初起的小错，用力小而收效大；挽救已明显的大害，往往是竭尽了全力也不能成功。《易经》说：“行于霜上而知严寒冰冻将至。”《尚书》说：“先王每天都要兢兢业业地处理成千上万件事情。”就是指这类防微杜渐的例子。所以说，区分地位高下最重要的是匡正各个等级的名分。"},"1-1-5":{"original":"呜呼！幽、厉失德，周道日衰，纲纪散坏，下陵上替，诸侯专征，大夫擅政，礼之大体什丧七八矣，然文、武之祀犹绵绵相属者，盖以周之子孙尚能守其名分故也。何以言之？昔晋文公有大功于王室，请隧于襄王，襄王不许，曰：“王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所恶也。不然，叔父有地而隧，又何请焉！”文公于是惧而不能违。是故以周之地则不大于曹、滕，以周之民则不众于邾、莒，然历数百年，宗主天下，虽以晋、楚、齐、秦之强不敢加者，何哉？徒以名分尚存故也。至于季氏之于鲁，田常之于齐，白公之于楚，智伯之于晋，其势皆足以逐君而自为，然而卒不敢者，岂其力不足而心不忍哉，乃畏奸名犯分而天下共诛之也。今晋大夫暴蔑其君，剖分晋国，天子既不能讨，又宠秩之，使列于诸侯，是区区之名分复不能守而并弃之也。先王之礼于斯尽矣！","translated":"呜呼！周幽王、周厉王丧失君德，周朝的气数每况愈下。礼纪朝纲土崩瓦解；下欺凌、上衰败；诸侯国君恣意征讨他人；士大夫擅自干预朝政；礼教从总体上已经有十之七八沦丧了。然而周文王、周武王开创的政权还能绵绵不断地延续下来，就是因为周王朝的子孙后裔尚能守定名位。为什么这样说呢？当年晋文公为周朝建立了大功，于是向周襄王请求允许他死后享用王室的隧葬礼制，周襄王没有准许，说：“周王制度明显。没有改朝换代而有两个天子，这也是作为叔父辈的晋文公您所反对的。不然的话，叔父您有地，愿意隧葬，又何必请示我呢？”晋文公于是感到畏惧而没有敢违反礼制。因此，周王室的地盘并不比曹国、滕国大，管辖的臣民也不比邾国、莒国多，然而经过几百年，仍然是天下的宗主，即使是晋、楚、齐、秦那样的强国也还不敢凌驾于其上，这是为什么呢？只是由于周王还保有天子的名分。再看看鲁国的大夫季氏、齐国的田常、楚国的白公胜、晋国的智伯，他们的势力都大得足以驱逐国君而自立，然而他们到底不敢这样做，难道是他们力量不足或是于心不忍吗？只不过是害怕奸夺名位僭犯身分而招致天下的讨伐罢了。现在晋国的三家大夫欺凌蔑视国君，瓜分了晋国，作为天子的周王不能派兵征讨，反而对他们加封赐爵，让他们列位于诸侯国君之中，这样做就使周王朝仅有的一点名分不能再守定而全部放弃了。周朝先王的礼教到此丧失干净！"},"1-1-6":{"original":"或者以为当是之时，周室微弱，三晋强盛，虽欲勿许，其可得乎！是大不然。夫三晋虽强，苟不顾天下之诛而犯义侵礼，则不请于天子而自立矣。不请于天子而自立，则为悖逆之臣，天下苟有桓、文之君，必奉礼义而征之。今请于天子而天子许之，是受天子之命而为诸侯也，谁得而讨之！故三晋之列于诸侯，非三晋之坏礼，乃天子自坏之也。","translated":"有人认为当时周王室已经衰微，而晋国三家力量强盛，就算周王不想承认他们，又怎么能做得到呢！这种说法是完全错误的。晋国三家虽然强悍，但他们如果打算不顾天下的指责而公然侵犯礼义的话，就不会来请求周天子的批准，而是去自立为君了。不向天子请封而自立为国君，那就是叛逆之臣，天下如果有像齐桓公、晋文公那样的贤德诸侯，一定会尊奉礼义对他们进行征讨。现在晋国三家向天子请封，天子又批准了。他们就是奉天子命令而成为诸侯的，谁又能对他们加以讨伐呢！所以晋国三家大夫成为诸侯，并不是晋国三家破坏了礼教，正是周天子自已破坏了周朝的礼教啊！"},"1-1-7":{"original":"乌呼！君臣之礼既坏矣，则天下以智力相雄长，遂使圣贤之后为诸侯者，社稷无不泯绝，生民之类糜灭几尽，岂不哀哉！","translated":"呜呼！君臣之间的礼纪既然崩坏，于是天下便开始以智慧、武力互相争雄，使当年受周先王分封而成为诸侯国君的圣贤后裔，江山相继沦亡，周朝先民的子孙灭亡殆尽，岂不哀伤！"},"1-1-8":{"original":"[2]初，智宣子将以瑶为后，智果曰：“不如宵也。瑶之贤于人者五，其不逮者一也。美鬓长大则贤，射御足力则贤，伎艺毕给则贤，巧文辩惠则贤，强毅果敢则贤；如是而甚不仁。夫以其五贤陵人而以不仁行之，其谁能待之？若果立瑶也，智宗必灭。”弗听。智果别族于太史，为辅氏。","translated":"[2]当初，晋国的智宣子想以智瑶为继承人，族人智果说：“他不如智宵。智瑶有超越他人的五项长处，只有一项短处。美发高大是长处，精于骑射是长处，才艺双全是长处，能写善辩是长处，坚毅果敢是长处。虽然如此却很不仁厚。如果他以五项长处来制服别人而做不仁不义的恶事，谁能和他和睦相处？要是真的立智瑶为继承人，那么智氏宗族一定灭亡。”智宣子置之不理。智果便向太史请求脱离智族姓氏，另立为辅氏。"},"1-1-9":{"original":"赵简子之子，长曰伯鲁，幼曰无恤。将置后，不知所立，乃书训戒之辞于二简，以授二子曰：“谨识之！”三年而问之，伯鲁不能举其辞；求其简，已失之矣。问无恤，诵其辞甚习；求其简，出诸袖中而奏之。于是简子以无恤为贤，立以为后。","translated":"赵国的大夫赵简子的儿子，长子叫伯鲁，幼子叫无恤。赵简子想确定继承人，不知立哪位好，于是把他的日常训诫言词写在两块竹简上，分别交给两个儿子，嘱咐说：“好好记住！”过了三年，赵简子问起两个儿子，大儿子伯鲁说不出竹简上的话；再问他的竹简，已丢失了。又问小儿子无恤，竟然背诵竹简训词很熟习；追问竹简，他便从袖子中取出献上。于是，赵简子认为无恤十分贤德，便立他为继承人。"},"1-10-0":{"original":"[1]魏伐郑。","translated":"[1]魏国攻打郑国。"},"1-10-1":{"original":"[2]晋烈公薨，子孝公倾立。","translated":"[2]晋国晋烈公去世，其子姬倾即位，是为晋孝公。"},"1-11-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐韩宜阳，取六邑。","translated":"[1]秦国攻打韩国宜阳地方，夺取六个村邑。"},"1-11-1":{"original":"[2]初，田常生襄子盘，盘生庄子白，白生太公和。是岁，齐田和迁齐康公于海上，使食一城，以奉其先祀。","translated":"[2]起初，齐国田常生襄子田盘，田盘生庄子田白，田白再生太公田和。这年，田和把国君齐康公流放到海边，让他保有一个城的赋税收入，以承继祖先祭祀。"},"1-12-0":{"original":"[1]秦、晋战于武城。","translated":"[1]秦国与晋国大战于武城。"},"1-12-1":{"original":"[2]齐伐魏，取襄阳。","translated":"[2]齐国攻打魏国，夺取襄阳。"},"1-12-2":{"original":"[3]鲁败齐师于平陆。","translated":"[3]鲁国在平陆击败齐国军队。"},"1-13-0":{"original":"[1]秦侵晋。","translated":"[1]秦国入侵晋国。"},"1-13-1":{"original":"[2]齐田和会魏文侯、楚人、卫人于浊泽，求为诸侯。魏文侯为之请于王及诸侯，王许之。","translated":"[2]齐国田和在浊泽约会魏文侯及楚国、卫国贵族，要求作诸侯。魏文侯替他向周安王及各国诸侯申请，周安王准许。"},"1-14-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐蜀，取南郑。","translated":"[1]秦国攻打蜀地，夺取南郑。"},"1-14-1":{"original":"[2]魏文侯薨，太子击立，是为武侯。","translated":"[2]魏国魏文侯去世，太子魏击即位，是为魏武侯。"},"1-14-2":{"original":"武侯浮西河而下，中流顾谓吴起曰：“美哉山河之固，此魏国之宝也！”对曰：“在德不在险。昔三苗氏，左洞庭，右彭蠡；德义不修，禹灭之。夏桀之居，左河济，右泰华，伊阙在其南，羊肠在其北；修政不仁，汤放之。商纣之国，左孟门，右太行，常山在其北，大河经其南；修政不德，武王杀之。由此观之，在德不在险。若君不修德，舟中之人皆敌国也！”武侯曰：“善。”","translated":"魏武侯顺黄河而下，在中游对吴起说：“稳固的山河真美啊！这是魏国的宝啊！”吴起回答说：“国宝在于德政而不在于地势险要。当初三苗氏部落，左面有洞庭湖，右面有彭蠡湖，但他们不修德义，被禹消灭了。夏朝君王桀的居住之地，左边是黄河、济水，右边是泰华山，伊阙山在其南面，羊肠阪在其北面，但因朝政不仁，也被商朝汤王驱逐了。商朝纣王的都城，左边是孟门，右边是太行山，常山在其北面，黄河经过其南面，因他施政不德，被周武王杀了。由此可见，国宝在于德政而不在于地势险要。如果君主您不修德政，恐怕就是这条船上的人，也要成为您的敌人。”魏武侯听罢说道：“对。”"},"1-14-3":{"original":"魏置相，相田文。吴起不悦，谓田文曰：“请与子论功可乎？”田文曰：“可。”起曰：“将三军，使士卒乐死，敌国不敢谋，子孰与起？”文曰：“不如子。”起曰：“治百官，亲万民，实府库，子孰与起？”文曰：“不如子。”起曰：“守西河，秦兵不敢东乡，韩、赵宾从，子孰与起？”文曰：“不如子。”起曰：“此三者子皆出吾下，而位居吾上，何也？”文曰：“主少国疑，大臣未附，百姓不信，方是之时，属之子乎，属之我乎？”起默然良久曰：“属之子矣！”","translated":"魏国设置国相，任命田文为相。吴起不高兴，对田文说：“我和你比较功劳如何？”田文说：“可以。”吴起便说：“统率三军，使士兵乐于战死，敌国不敢谋算，你比我吴起如何？”田文说：“我不如你。”吴起又问：“整治百官，亲善百姓，使仓库充实，你比我吴起如何？”田文说：“我不如你。”吴起再问：“镇守西河，使秦兵不敢向东侵犯，韩国、赵国依附听命，你比我吴起如何？”田文还是说：“我不如你。”吴起质问道：“这三条你都在我之下，而职位却在我之上，是什么道理？”田文说：“如今国君年幼，国多疑难，大臣们不能齐心归附，老百姓不能信服，在这个时候，是嘱托给你呢，还是嘱托给我呢？”吴起默默不语想了一会儿，说：“嘱托给你啊！”"},"1-14-4":{"original":"久之，魏相公叔尚主而害吴起。公叔之仆曰：“起易去也。起为人刚劲自喜。子先言于君曰：‘吴起，贤人也，而君之国小，臣恐起之无留心也。君盍试延以女，起无留心，则必辞矣。’子因与起归而使公主辱子，起见公主之贱子也，必辞，则子之计中矣。”公叔从之，吴起果辞公主。魏武侯疑之而未信，起惧诛，遂奔楚。","translated":"过了很久，魏国国相公叔娶公主为妻而以吴起为忌。他的仆人献计说：“吴起容易去掉，吴起为人刚劲而沾沾自喜。您可以先对国君说：‘吴起是个杰出人才，但君主您的国家小，我担心他没有长留的心思。国君您何不试着要把女儿嫁给他，如果吴起没有久留之心，一定会辞谢的。’主人您再与吴起一起回去，让公主羞辱您，吴起看到公主如此轻视您，一定会辞谢国君的婚事，这样您的计谋就实现了。”公叔照此去做，吴起果然辞谢了与公主的婚事。魏武侯疑忌他，不敢信任，吴起害怕被诛杀，于是投奔了楚国。"},"1-14-5":{"original":"楚悼王素闻其贤，至则任之为相。起明法审令，捐不急之官，废公族疏远者，以抚养战斗之士，要在强兵，破游说之言从横者。于是南平百越，北却三晋，西伐秦，诸侯皆患楚之强；而楚之贵戚大臣多怨吴起者。","translated":"楚悼王平素听说吴起是个人才，到了便任命他为国相。吴起严明法纪号令，裁减一些不重要的闲官，废除了王族中远亲疏戚，用来安抚奖励征战之士，大力增强军队、破除合纵连横游说言论。于是楚国向南平定百越，向北抵挡住韩、魏、赵三国的扩张，向西征讨秦国，各诸侯国都害怕楚国的强大，而楚国的王亲贵戚、权臣显要中却有很多人怨恨吴起。"},"1-14-6":{"original":"[3]秦惠公薨，子出公立。","translated":"[3]秦国秦惠公去世，其子即位，是为秦出公。"},"1-14-7":{"original":"[4]赵武侯薨，国人复立烈侯之太子章，是为敬侯。","translated":"[4]赵国赵武侯去世，国中贵族又拥立赵烈侯的太子赵章即位，是为赵敬侯。"},"1-14-8":{"original":"[5]韩烈侯薨，子文侯立。","translated":"[5]韩国韩烈侯去世，其子即位，是为韩文侯。"},"1-15-0":{"original":"[1]初命齐大夫田和为诸侯。","translated":"[1]周王朝开始任命齐国大夫田和为诸侯国君。"},"1-15-1":{"original":"[2]赵公子朝作乱，奔魏；与魏袭邯郸，不克。","translated":"[2]赵国公子赵朝作乱，出奔魏国，与魏国军队一起进袭赵国邯郸，未能攻克。"},"1-16-0":{"original":"[1]秦庶长改逆献公于河西而立之；杀出子及其母，沈之渊旁。","translated":"[1]秦国名叫改的庶长在河西迎接秦献公，立为国君；把秦出公和他的母亲杀死，沉在河里。"},"1-16-1":{"original":"[2]齐伐鲁。","translated":"[2]齐国攻打鲁国。"},"1-16-2":{"original":"[3]韩伐郑，取阳城；伐宋，执宋公。","translated":"[3]韩国攻打郑国，夺取阳城。又攻打宋国，捉住宋国国君。"},"1-16-3":{"original":"[4]齐太公薨，子桓公午立。","translated":"[4]齐国太公田和去世，其子田午即位，是为齐桓公。"},"1-17-0":{"original":"[1]魏败赵师于兔台。","translated":"[1]魏国在兔台击败赵国军队。"},"1-18-0":{"original":"[1]日有食之，既。","translated":"[1]出现日全食。"},"1-19-0":{"original":"[1]楚悼王薨。贵戚大臣作乱，攻吴起；起走之王尸而伏之。击起之徒因射刺起，并中王尸。既葬，肃王即位，使令尹尽诛为乱者；坐起夷宗者七十馀家。","translated":"[1]楚悼王去世。贵族国戚和大臣作乱，攻打吴起，吴起逃到悼王尸体边，伏在上面。攻击吴起的暴徒用箭射吴起，并射中了悼王的尸体。办完葬事，楚肃王即位，命令楚相全数翦灭作乱者，因射吴起之事而被灭族的多达七十余家。"},"1-2-0":{"original":"[1]王崩，子安王骄立。","translated":"[1]周威烈王驾崩，其子姬骄即位，是为周安王。"},"1-2-1":{"original":"[2]盗杀楚声王，国人立其子悼王。","translated":"[2]盗匪杀死楚国楚声王，国中贵族拥立其子楚悼王即位。"},"1-20-0":{"original":"[1]齐伐燕，取桑丘。魏、韩、赵伐齐，至桑丘。","translated":"[1]齐国攻打燕国，夺取桑兵。魏、韩、赵三国攻打齐国，兵至桑丘。"},"1-21-0":{"original":"[1]赵袭卫，不克。","translated":"[1]赵国袭击卫国，未能攻克。"},"1-21-1":{"original":"[2]齐康公薨，无子，田氏遂并齐而有之。","translated":"[2]流放的齐康公去世，没有儿子。田氏家族于是把姜氏的齐国全部兼并了。"},"1-21-2":{"original":"是岁，齐桓公亦薨，子威王因齐立。","translated":"当年，齐桓公也去世，其子田因齐即位，是为齐威王。"},"1-22-0":{"original":"[1]狄败魏师于浍。","translated":"[1]北方狄族在浍山击败魏国军队。"},"1-22-1":{"original":"[2]魏、韩、赵伐齐，至灵丘。","translated":"[2]魏、韩、赵三国攻打齐国，兵至灵丘。"},"1-22-2":{"original":"[3]晋孝公薨，子靖公俱酒立。","translated":"[3]晋国晋孝公去世，其子姬俱酒即位，是为晋靖公。"},"1-23-0":{"original":"[1]蜀伐楚，取兹方。","translated":"[1]蜀人攻打楚国，夺取兹方。"},"1-23-1":{"original":"[2]子思言苟变于卫侯曰：“其才可将五百乘。”公曰：“吾知其可将；然变也尝为吏，赋于民而食人二鸡子，故弗用也。”子思曰：“夫圣人之官人，犹匠之用木也，取其所长，弃其所短；故杞梓连抱而有数尺之朽，良工不弃。今君处战国之世，选爪牙之士，而以二卵弃干城之将，此不可使闻于邻国也。”公再拜曰：“谨受教矣！”","review_note":"译文中的缺字人名“孔”按文言对照中的“子思”识别；未改动原始抽取记录。","translated":"[2]孔，字子思，向卫国国君提起苟变说：“他的才能可统领五百辆车。”卫侯说：“我知道他是个将才，然而苟变做官吏的时候，有次征税吃了老百姓两个鸡蛋，所以我不用他。”孔说：“圣人选人任官，就好比木匠使用木料，取其所长，弃其所短；因此一根合抱的良木，只有几尺朽烂处，高明的工匠是不会扔掉它的。现在国君您处在战国纷争之世，正要收罗锋爪利牙的人才，却因为两个鸡蛋而舍弃了一员可守一城的大将，这事可不能让邻国知道啊！”卫侯一再拜谢说：“我接受你的指教。”"},"1-23-2":{"original":"卫侯言计非是，而群臣和者如出一口。子思曰：“以吾观卫，所谓‘君不君，臣不臣’者也！”公丘懿子曰：“何乃若是？”子思曰：“人主自臧，则众谋不进。事是而臧之，犹却众谋，况和非以长恶乎！夫不察事之是非而悦人赞已，暗莫甚焉；不度理之所在而阿谀求容，谄莫甚焉。君暗臣谄，以居百姓之上，民不与也。若此不已，国无类矣！”","review_note":"译文中的缺字人名“孔”按文言对照中的“子思”识别；未改动原始抽取记录。","translated":"卫侯提出了一项不正确的计划，而大臣们却附和如出一口。孔说：“我看卫国，真是‘君不像君，臣不像臣’呀！”公丘懿子问道：“为什么竟会这样？”孔说：“君主自以为是，大家便不提出自己的意见。即使事情处理对了没有听取众议，也是排斥了众人的意见，更何况现在众人都附和错误见解而助长邪恶之风呢！不考察事情的是非而乐于让别人赞扬，是无比的昏暗；不判断事情是否有道理而一味阿谀奉承，是无比的谄媚。君主昏暗而臣下谄媚，这样居于百姓之上，老百姓是不会同意的。长期这样不改，国家就不象国家了。”"},"1-23-3":{"original":"子思言于卫侯曰：“君之国事将日非矣！”公曰：“何故？”对曰：“有由然焉。君出言自以为是，而卿大夫莫敢矫其非；卿大夫出言亦自以为是，而士庶人莫敢矫其非。君臣既自贤矣，而群下同声贤之，贤之则顺而有福，矫之则逆而有祸，如此则善安从生！《诗》曰：‘具曰予圣，谁知乌之雌雄？’抑亦似君之君臣乎！”","review_note":"译文中的缺字人名“孔”按文言对照中的“子思”识别；未改动原始抽取记录。","translated":"孔对卫侯说：“你的国家将要一天不如一天了。”卫侯问：“为什么？”回答说：“事出有因。国君你说话自以为是，卿大夫等官员没有人敢改正你的错误；于是他们也说话自以为是，士人百姓也不敢改正其误。君臣都自以为贤能，下属又同声称贤，称赞贤能则和顺而有福，指出错误则忤逆而有祸，这样，怎么会有好的结果！《诗经》说：‘都称道自己是圣贤，乌鸦雌雄谁能辨？’不也像你们这些君臣吗？”"},"1-23-4":{"original":"[3]鲁穆公薨，子共公奋立。","translated":"[3]鲁国鲁穆公去世，其子姬奋即位，是为鲁共公。"},"1-23-5":{"original":"[4]韩文侯薨，子哀侯立。","translated":"[4]韩国韩文侯去世，其子即位，是为韩哀侯。"},"1-24-0":{"original":"[1]王崩，子烈王喜立。","translated":"[1]周安王去世，其子姬喜即位，是为周烈王。"},"1-24-1":{"original":"[2]魏、韩、赵共废晋靖公为家人而分其地。","translated":"[2]魏、韩、赵三国一同把晋靖公废黜为平民，瓜分了他的残余领地。"},"1-25-0":{"original":"[1]日有食之。","translated":"[1]出现日食。"},"1-25-1":{"original":"[2]韩灭郑，因徙都之。","translated":"[2]韩国灭掉郑国，于是把国都迁到新郑。"},"1-25-2":{"original":"[3]赵敬侯薨，子成侯种立。","translated":"[3]赵国赵敬侯去世，其子赵种即位，是为赵成侯。"},"1-26-0":{"original":"[1]燕败齐师于林狐。","translated":"[1]燕国在林狐击败齐国军队。"},"1-26-1":{"original":"鲁伐齐，入阳关。","translated":"鲁国攻打齐国，进入阳关。"},"1-26-2":{"original":"魏伐齐，至博陵。","translated":"魏国攻打齐国，抵达博陵。"},"1-26-3":{"original":"[2]燕僖公薨，子桓公立。","translated":"[2]燕国燕僖公去世，其子即位，是为燕桓公。"},"1-26-4":{"original":"[3]宋休公薨，子辟公立。","translated":"[3]宋国宋休公去世，其子即位，是为宋辟公。"},"1-26-5":{"original":"[4]卫慎公薨，子声公训立。","translated":"[4]卫国卫慎公去世，其子卫训即位，是为卫声公。"},"1-27-0":{"original":"[1]赵伐卫，取都鄙七十三。","translated":"[1]赵国攻打卫国，夺取七十三个村镇。"},"1-27-1":{"original":"[2]魏败赵师于北蔺。","translated":"[2]魏国在北蔺击败赵国军队。"},"1-28-0":{"original":"[1]魏伐楚，取鲁阳。","translated":"[1]魏国攻打楚国，夺取鲁阳。"},"1-28-1":{"original":"[2]韩严遂弑哀侯，国人立其子懿侯。初，哀侯以韩为相而爱严遂，二人甚相害也。严遂令人刺韩于朝，走哀侯，哀侯抱之；人刺韩，兼及哀侯。","translated":"[2]韩国严遂杀死韩哀侯，国中贵族立哀侯之子，是为韩懿侯。当初，韩哀侯曾任命韩为国相却宠爱严遂，两人互相仇恨至深。严遂派人在朝廷行刺韩，韩逃到韩哀侯身边，韩哀侯抱住他，刺客刺韩，连带韩哀侯也被刺死。"},"1-28-2":{"original":"[3]魏武侯薨，不立太子，子与公中缓争立，国内乱。","translated":"[3]魏国魏武侯去世，没有立太子，他的儿子魏与公中缓争位，国内大乱。"},"1-29-0":{"original":"[1]齐威王来朝。是时周室微弱，诸侯莫朝，而齐独朝之，天下以此益贤威王。","translated":"[1]齐威王朝拜周烈王。当时周王室已十分衰弱，各诸侯国都不来朝拜，唯独齐王仍来朝拜，因此天下人愈发称赞齐威王贤德。"},"1-29-1":{"original":"[2]赵伐齐，至鄄。","translated":"[2]赵国攻打齐国，直至鄄地。"},"1-29-2":{"original":"[3]魏败赵师于怀。","translated":"[3]魏国在怀地击败赵国军队。"},"1-29-3":{"original":"[4]齐威王召即墨大夫，语之曰：“自子之居即墨也，毁言日至。然吾使人视即墨，田野辟，人民给，官无事，东方以宁；是子不事吾左右以求助也！”封之万家。召阿大夫，语之曰：“自子守阿，誉言日至。吾使人视阿，田野不辟，人民贫馁。昔日赵攻鄄，子不救；卫取薛陵，子不知；是子厚币事吾左右以求誉也！”是日，烹阿大夫及左右尝誉者。于是群臣耸惧，莫敢饰诈，务尽崐其情，齐国大治，强于天下。","translated":"[4]齐威王召见即墨大夫，对他说：“自从你到即墨任官，每天都有指责你的话传来。然而我派人去即墨察看，却是田土开辟整治，百姓丰足，官府无事，东方因而十分安定。于是我知道这是你不巴结我的左右内臣谋求内援的缘故。”便封赐即墨大夫享用一万户的俸禄。齐威王又召见阿地大夫，对他说：“自从你到阿地镇守，每天都有称赞你的好话传来。但我派人前去察看阿地，只见田地荒芜，百姓贫困饥饿。当初赵国攻打鄄地，你不救；卫国夺取薛陵，你不知道；于是我知道你用重金来买通我的左右近臣以求替你说好话！”当天，齐威王下令烹死阿地大夫及替他说好话的左右近臣。于是臣僚们毛骨耸然，不敢再弄虚假，都尽力做实事，齐国因此大治，成为天下最强盛的国家。"},"1-29-4":{"original":"[5]楚肃王薨，无子，立其弟良夫，是为宣王。","translated":"[5]楚国楚肃王去世，他没有儿子，弟弟良夫即位，是为楚宣王。"},"1-29-5":{"original":"[6]宋辟公薨，子剔成立。","translated":"[6]宋国宋辟公去世，其子宋剔成即位。"},"1-3-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐魏，至阳孤。","translated":"[1]秦国攻打魏国，直至阳孤。"},"1-30-0":{"original":"[1]日有食之。","translated":"[1]出现日食。"},"1-30-1":{"original":"[2]王崩，弟扁立，是为显王。","translated":"[2]周烈王去世，弟弟姬扁即位，是为周显王。"},"1-30-2":{"original":"[3]魏大夫王错出奔韩。公孙颀谓韩懿侯曰：“魏乱，可取也。”懿侯乃与赵成侯合兵伐魏，战于浊泽，大破之，遂围魏。成侯曰：“杀，立公中缓，割地而退，我二国之利也。”懿侯曰：“不可。杀魏君，暴也；割地而退，贪也。不如两分之。魏分为两，不强于宋、卫，则我终无魏患矣。”赵人不听。懿侯不悦，以其兵夜去。赵成侯亦去。遂杀公中缓而立，是为惠王。","translated":"[3]魏国大夫王错逃奔韩国。公孙颀对韩懿侯说：“魏国内乱，可以乘机攻取。”韩懿侯于是与赵成侯联合出兵攻打魏国，在浊泽地方交战，大败魏军，包围了魏国都城。赵成侯说：“杀掉魏，立公中缓为魏国国君，然后割地退兵，这对我们两国是有利的作法。”韩懿侯说：“不妥。杀死魏国国君，是强暴；割地后才退兵，是贪婪。不如让两人分别治理魏国，魏国分为两半，比宋国、卫国还不如，我们就再也不用担心魏国的威胁了。”赵成侯不同意。韩懿侯不高兴，率领他的军队乘夜离去。赵成侯也只好退兵归国。魏于是杀死公中缓即位，是为魏惠王。"},"1-30-3":{"original":"太史公曰：魏惠王所以身不死、国不分者，二国之谋不和也。若从一家之谋，魏必分矣。故曰：“君终，无适子，其国可破也。”","translated":"太史公司马迁曰：魏惠王之所以能自身不死，国家不被瓜分，是由于韩、赵两国意见不和。如果按照其中一家的办法去做，魏国一定会被瓜分。所以说：“国君死时，无继承人，国家就会被击破。”"},"1-4-0":{"original":"[1]魏、韩、赵伐楚，至桑丘。","translated":"[1]韩国、魏国、赵国联合攻打楚国，直至桑丘。"},"1-4-1":{"original":"[2]郑围韩阳翟。","translated":"[2]郑国围攻韩国阳翟城。"},"1-4-2":{"original":"[3]韩景侯薨，子烈侯取立。","translated":"[3]韩国韩景侯去世，其子韩取即位，是为韩烈侯。"},"1-4-3":{"original":"[4]赵烈侯薨，国人立其弟武侯。","translated":"[4]赵国赵烈侯去世，国中贵族拥立其弟即位，是为赵武侯。"},"1-4-4":{"original":"[5]秦简公薨，子惠公立。","translated":"[5]秦国秦简公去世，其子即位，是为秦惠公。"},"1-5-0":{"original":"[1]王子定奔晋。","translated":"[1]周朝王子姬定出奔晋国。"},"1-5-1":{"original":"[2]虢山崩，壅河。","translated":"[2]虢山崩塌，泥石壅塞黄河。"},"1-6-0":{"original":"[1]楚围郑。郑人杀其相驷子阳。","translated":"[1]楚国围攻郑国。郑国人杀死国相驷子阳。"},"1-7-0":{"original":"[1]日有食之。","translated":"[1]出现日食。"},"1-7-1":{"original":"[2]三月，盗杀韩相侠累。侠累与濮阳严仲子有恶。仲子闻轵人聂政之勇，以黄金百溢为政母寿，欲因以报仇。政不受，曰：“老母在，政身未敢以许人也！”及母卒，仲子乃使政刺侠累。侠累方坐府上，兵卫甚众，聂政直入上阶，刺杀侠累，因自皮面决眼，自屠出肠。韩人暴其尸于市，购问，莫能识。其姊闻而往，哭之曰：“是轵深井里聂政也！以妾尚在之故，重自刑以绝从。妾柰何畏殁身之诛，终灭贤弟之名！”遂死于政尸之旁。","translated":"[2]三月，盗匪杀死韩国国相侠累。侠累与濮阳人严仲子有仇，严仲子听说轵地人聂政很勇敢，便拿出一百镒黄金为聂政母亲祝寿，想让聂政为他报仇。聂政却不接受，说：“我的老母亲还健在，我不敢为别人去献身！”等到他的母亲去世，严仲子便派聂政去行刺侠累。侠累正端坐府中，有许多护卫兵丁，聂政一直冲上厅阶，把侠累刺死。然后划破自己的面皮，挖出双眼，割出肚肠而死。韩国人把聂政的尸体放在集市中暴尸。并悬赏查找，但无人知晓。聂政的姐姐聂听说此事前往，哭着说：“这是轵地深井里的聂政啊！他因为我还在，就自毁面容不使连累。我怎么能怕杀身之祸，最终埋没我弟弟的英名呢！”于是自尽死在聂政的尸体旁边。"},"1-8-0":{"original":"[1]郑驷子阳之党弑公，而立其弟乙，是为康公。","translated":"[1]郑国宰相驷子阳的余党杀死国君郑公，改立他的弟弟姬乙，是为郑康公。"},"1-8-1":{"original":"[2]宋悼公薨，子休公田立。","translated":"[2]宋国宋悼公去世，其子宋田即位，是为宋休公。"},"1-9-0":{"original":"[1]齐伐鲁，取最。","translated":"[1]齐国攻打鲁国，攻占最地。"},"1-9-1":{"original":"[2]郑负黍叛，复归韩。","translated":"[2]郑国的负黍地方反叛，复归顺韩国。"},"2-1-0":{"original":"[1]齐伐魏，取观津。","translated":"[1]齐国攻打魏国,夺取观津。"},"2-1-1":{"original":"[2]赵侵齐，取长城。","translated":"[2]赵国入侵齐国，占领长城。"},"2-10-0":{"original":"[1]赵、燕会于阿。","translated":"[1]赵国、燕国在阿地举行会议。"},"2-10-1":{"original":"[2]赵、齐、宋会于平陆。","translated":"[2]赵国、齐国、宋国在平陆举行会议。"},"2-11-0":{"original":"[1]齐威王、魏惠王会田于郊。惠王曰：“齐亦有宝乎？”威王曰：“无有。”惠王曰：“寡人国虽小，尚有径寸之珠，照车前后各十二乘者十枚。岂以齐大国而无宝乎？”威王曰：“寡人之所以为宝者与王异。吾臣有檀子者，使守南城，则楚人不敢为寇，泗上十二诸侯皆来朝。吾臣有盼子者，使守高唐，则赵人不敢东渔于河。吾吏有黔夫者，使守徐州，则燕人祭北门，赵人祭西门，徙而从者七千余家。吾臣有种首者，使备盗贼，则道不拾遗。此四臣者，将照千里，岂特十二乘哉！”惠王有惭色。","translated":"[1]齐威王、魏惠王在效野约会狩猎。魏惠王问：“齐国也有什么宝贝吗？”齐威王说：“没有。”魏惠王说：“我的国家虽小，尚有十颗直径一寸以上、可以照亮十二乘车子的大珍珠。以齐国之大，难道能没有宝贝？”齐威王说：“我对宝贝的看法和你可不一样。我的大臣中有位檀子，派他镇守南城，楚国不敢来犯，泗水流域的十二个诸侯国都来朝贺。我的大臣中还有位盼子，使他守高唐，赵国人怕得不敢向东到黄河边来打渔。我的官吏中有位黔夫，令他守徐州，燕国人在北门、赵国人在西门望空礼拜求福，相随来投奔的多达七千余家。我的大臣中有位种首，让他防备盗贼，便出现路不拾遗的太平景象。这四位大臣，光照千里，岂止是十二乘车子呢！”魏惠王听了面色十分惭愧。"},"2-11-1":{"original":"[2]秦孝公、魏惠王会于杜平。","translated":"[2]秦孝公、魏惠王在杜平举行会议。"},"2-11-2":{"original":"[3]鲁共公薨，子康公毛立。","translated":"[3]鲁国鲁共公去世，其子姬毛即位为鲁康公。"},"2-12-0":{"original":"[1]秦败魏师于元里，斩首七千级，取少梁。","translated":"[1]秦国在元里击败魏国军队，斩首七千余人，夺取少梁。"},"2-12-1":{"original":"[2]魏惠王伐赵，围邯郸。楚王使景舍救赵。","translated":"[2]魏惠王率军攻打赵国，围困邯郸城。楚王派景舍为将出兵救赵。"},"2-13-0":{"original":"[1]齐威王使田忌救赵。","translated":"[1]齐威王派田忌率军救赵。"},"2-13-1":{"original":"初，孙膑与庞涓俱学兵法，庞涓仕魏为将军，自以能不及孙膑，乃召之；至，则以法断其两足而黥之，欲使终身废弃。齐使者至魏，孙膑以刑徒阴见，说齐使者；齐使者窃载与之齐。田忌善而客待之，进于威王。威王问兵法，遂以为师。于是威王谋救赵，以孙膑为将；辞以刑馀之人不可，乃以田忌为将而孙子为师，居辎车中，坐为计谋。","translated":"起初，孙膑与庞涓一起学兵法，庞涓在魏国做将军，自己估量才能不如孙膑，便召孙膑前来魏国，又设计依法砍断孙膑的双脚，在脸上刺字，想使他终身成为废人。齐国使者来到魏国，孙膑以受刑罪人身份与他暗中相见，说动了齐国使者，偷偷地把孙膑藏在车中回到齐国。齐国大臣田忌把他奉为座上客，又推荐给齐威王。威王向他请教了兵法，于是延请他为老师。这时齐威王计划出兵援救赵国，任命孙膑为大将，孙膑以自己是个残疾之人坚决辞谢，齐威王便以田忌为大将、孙膑为军师，让他坐在帘车里，出谋划策。"},"2-13-2":{"original":"田忌欲引兵之赵。孙子曰：“夫解杂乱纷纠者不控拳，救斗者不搏，批亢捣虚，形格势禁，则自为解耳。今梁、赵相攻，轻兵锐卒必竭于外，老弱疲于内；子不若引兵疾走魏都，据其街路，冲其方虚，彼必释赵以自救：是我一举解赵之围而收弊于魏也。”田忌从之。十月，邯郸降魏。魏师还，与齐战于桂陵，魏师大败。","translated":"田忌准备率兵前往赵国，孙膑说：“排解两方的斗殴，不能用拳脚将他们打开，更不能上手扶持一方帮着打，只能因势利导，乘虚而入，紧张的形势受到阻禁，就自然化解了。现在两国攻战正酣，精兵锐卒倾巢而出，国中只剩老弱病残；您不如率军急袭魏国都城，占据交通要道，冲击他们空虚的后方，魏军一定会放弃攻赵回兵救援。这样我们一举两得，既解了赵国之围，又给魏国国内以打击。”田忌听从了孙膑的计策。十月，赵国的邯郸城投降了魏国。魏军又急忙还师援救国内，在桂陵与齐国军队发生激战，魏军大败。"},"2-13-3":{"original":"[2]韩伐东周，取陵观、廪丘。","translated":"[2]韩国攻打东周王朝，夺取陵观、廪丘。"},"2-13-4":{"original":"[3]楚昭奚恤为相。江乙言于楚王曰：“人有爱其狗者，狗尝溺井，其邻人见，欲入言之，狗当门而噬之。今昭奚恤常恶臣之见，亦犹是也。且人有好扬人之善者，王曰：‘此君子也，’近之；好扬人之恶者，王曰：‘此小人也，’远之。然则且有子弑其父、臣弑其主者，而王终己不知也。何者？以王好闻人之美而恶闻人之恶也。”王曰：“善，寡人愿两闻之。”","translated":"[3]楚国任用昭奚恤为国相。江乙对楚王说：“有个宠爱自己狗的人，狗向井里撒尿，邻居看见了，想到他家里去告诉他，却被狗堵住门咬。现在昭奚恤常常阻挠我来见您，就像恶狗堵门一样。况且一有专说别人好话的人，您就说：‘这是君子啊！’便亲近他；而对爱指出别人缺点的人，您总是说：‘这是个小人。’便疏远他。然而人世间有儿子杀父亲、臣下杀君主的恶人，您却始终不知道。为什么呢？原因在于您只爱听对别人的称颂，不爱听对别人的指责呀！”楚王听后说：“你说得对，今后我要听取两方面的言论。"},"2-14-0":{"original":"[1]秦大良造伐魏。","translated":"[1]秦国大良造率军攻打魏国。"},"2-14-1":{"original":"[2]诸侯围魏襄陵。","translated":"[2]各诸侯国出兵围攻魏国襄陵城。"},"2-15-0":{"original":"[1]秦卫鞅围魏固阳，降之。","translated":"[1]秦国公孙鞅率军围攻魏国固阳，固阳归降。"},"2-15-1":{"original":"[2]魏人归赵邯郸。与赵盟漳水上。","translated":"[2]魏国把夺来的邯郸城归还赵国，与赵国在漳水之畔缔结和约。"},"2-15-2":{"original":"[3]韩昭侯以申不害为相。","translated":"[3]韩昭侯任用申不害为国相。"},"2-15-3":{"original":"申不害者，郑之贱臣也，学黄、老、刑名，以干昭侯。昭侯用为相，内修政教，外应诸侯，十五年，终申子之身，国治兵强。","translated":"申不害，原是郑国的卑贱小臣，后来学习黄帝、老子著作和法家刑名学问，向韩昭侯游说。韩昭侯便用他为国相，对内整顿政治，对外积极开展交往，这样进行了十五年，直到申不害去世，韩国一直国盛兵强。"},"2-15-4":{"original":"申子尝请仕其从兄，昭侯不许，申子有怨色。昭侯曰：“所为学于子者，欲以治国也。今将听子之谒而废子之术乎，已其行子之术而废子之请乎？子尝教寡人修功劳，视次第；今有所私求，我将奚听乎？”申子乃辟舍请罪曰：“君真其人也！”","translated":"申不害曾经请求让他的堂兄做个官，韩昭侯不同意，申不害很不高兴。韩昭侯对他说：“我之所以向你请教，就是想治理好国家。现在我是批准你的私请来破坏你创设的法度呢，还是推行你的法度而拒绝你的私请呢？你曾经开导我要按功劳高低来封赏等级，现在你却有私人的请求，我该听哪种意见呢？”申不害便离开了自己正式居室，另居别处，向韩昭侯请罪说：“您真是我企望效力的贤明君主！”"},"2-15-5":{"original":"昭侯有弊裤，命藏之。侍者曰：“君亦不仁者矣，不赐左右而藏之！”昭侯曰：“吾闻明主爱一颦一笑，颦有为颦，笑有为笑。今裤岂特颦笑哉！吾必待有功者。”","translated":"韩昭侯有条破裤子，让侍从收藏起来，侍从说：“您真是太吝啬了，不赏给我们还让收起来。”韩昭侯说：“我知道贤明君主珍惜一举一动，一皱眉头，一个笑脸，都是有感而发。现在这裤子比皱眉笑脸更重要，必须等到有人立功才给。”"},"2-16-0":{"original":"[1]秦商鞅筑冀阙宫庭于咸阳，徙都之。令民父子、兄弟同室内息者为禁。并诸小乡聚，集为一县，县置令、丞，凡三十一县。废井田，开阡陌。平斗、桶、权、衡、丈、尺。","translated":"[1]秦国公孙鞅在咸阳修建宫殿，将国都迁到那里。又下令禁止百姓家庭不分长幼尊卑地父子、兄弟混居一堂。把四散的小村落合并到一起，成为一个县，设置县令、县丞等官员，共设了三十一个县。还废除旧的井田制度，打破原来的土地疆界。并统一斗、桶、权、衡、丈、尺等计量单位。"},"2-16-1":{"original":"[2]秦、魏遇于彤。","translated":"[2]秦军和魏军在彤地发生遭遇战。"},"2-16-2":{"original":"[3]赵成侯薨，公子绁与太子争立；绁败，奔韩。","translated":"[3]赵国赵成侯去世，公子赵绁与太子争夺君位，赵绁失败，逃奔韩国。"},"2-17-0":{"original":"[1]秦商鞅更为赋税法，行之。","translated":"[1]秦国公孙鞅改革赋税制度，付诸实行。"},"2-18-0":{"original":"[1]赵公子范袭邯郸，不胜而死。","translated":"[1]赵国公子范袭击邯郸，未能取胜却被杀死。"},"2-19-0":{"original":"[1]齐杀其大夫牟。","translated":"[1]齐国杀死大夫田牟。"},"2-19-1":{"original":"[2]鲁康公薨，子景公偃立。","translated":"[2]鲁国鲁康公去世，其子姬偃即位为鲁景公。"},"2-19-2":{"original":"[3]卫更贬号曰侯，服属三晋。","translated":"[3]卫国把自己的爵位降低为侯，臣服于韩、赵、魏三国。"},"2-2-0":{"original":"[1]魏、韩会于宅阳。","translated":"[1]魏国、韩国在宅阳举行会议。"},"2-2-1":{"original":"[2]秦败魏师、韩师于洛阳。","translated":"[2]秦国在洛阳击败魏国和韩国军队。"},"2-20-0":{"original":"[1]诸侯会于京师。","translated":"[1]诸侯在京师举行会议。"},"2-21-0":{"original":"[1]王致伯于秦，诸侯皆贺秦。秦孝公使公子少官帅师会诸侯于逢泽以朝王。","translated":"[1]周显王封秦国国君为诸侯之长，各国都来致贺。秦孝公命令公子少官率军队与诸侯在逢泽举行会议，以朝见周显王。"},"2-22-0":{"original":"[1]魏庞涓伐韩。韩请救于齐。齐威王召大臣而谋曰：“蚤救孰与晚救？”成侯曰：“不如勿救。”田忌曰：“弗救则韩且折而入于魏，不如蚤救之。”孙膑曰：“夫韩、魏之兵未弊而救之，是吾代韩受魏之兵，顾反听命于韩也。且魏有破国之志，韩见亡，必东面而诉于齐矣。吾因深结韩之亲而晚承魏之弊，则可受重利而得尊名也。”王曰：“善。”乃阴许韩使而遣之。韩因恃齐，五战不胜，而东委国于齐。","translated":"[1]魏国庞涓率军攻打韩国。韩国派人向齐国求救。齐威王召集大臣商议说：“是早救好呢，还是晚救好呢？”成侯邹忌建议：“不如不救。”田忌不同意，说：“我们坐视不管，韩国就会灭亡，被魏国吞并。还是早些出兵救援为好。”孙膑却说：“现在韩国、魏国的军队士气正盛，我们就去救援，是我们代替韩国承受魏国的打击，反而听命于韩国了。这次魏国有吞并韩国的野心，待到韩国感到亡国迫在眉睫，一定会向东再来恳求齐国，那时我们再出兵，既可以加深与韩国的亲密关系，又可以乘魏国军队的疲弊，正是一举两得，名利双收。”齐威王说：“对。”便暗中答应韩国使臣的求救，让他回去，却迟迟不出兵。韩国以为有齐国的支持，便奋力抵抗，但经过五次大战都大败而归，只好把国家的命运寄托在东方齐国身上。"},"2-22-1":{"original":"齐因起兵，使田忌、田婴、田盼将之，孙子为师，以救韩，直走魏都。庞涓闻之，去韩而归。魏人大发兵，以太子申为将，以御齐师。孙子谓田忌曰：“彼三晋之兵素悍勇而轻齐，齐号为怯。善战者因其势而利导之。《兵法》：‘百里而趣利者蹶上将，五十里而趣利者军半至’”。乃使齐军入魏地为十万崐灶，明日为五万灶，又明日为二万灶。庞涓行三日，大喜曰：“我固知齐军怯，入吾地三日，士卒亡者过半矣！”乃弃其步军，与其轻锐倍日并行逐之。孙子度其行，暮当至马陵，马陵道狭而旁多阻隘，可伏兵，乃斫大树，白而书之曰：“庞涓死此树下！”于是令齐师善射者万弩夹道而伏，期日暮见火举而俱发。庞涓果夜到斫木下，见白书，以火烛之，读未毕，万弩俱发，魏师大乱相失。庞涓自知智穷兵败，乃自刭，曰：“遂成竖子之名！”齐因乘胜大破魏师，虏太子申。","translated":"齐国这时才出兵，派田忌、田婴、田盼为将军，孙膑为军师，前去援救韩国，仍用老办法，直袭魏国都城。庞涓听说，急忙放弃韩国，回兵国中。魏国集中了全部兵力，派太子申为将军，抵御齐国军队。孙膑对田忌说：“魏、赵、韩那些地方的士兵向来骠悍勇猛，看不起齐国；齐国士兵的名声也确实不佳。善于指挥作战的将军必须因势利导，扬长避短。《孙武兵法》说：‘从一百里外去奔袭会损失上将军，从五十里外去奔袭只有一半军队能到达。’”于是便命令齐国军队进入魏国地界后，做饭修造十万个灶，第二天减为五万个灶，第三天再减为二万个灶。庞涓率兵追击齐军三天，见此情况，大笑着说：“我早就知道齐兵胆小，进入我国三天，士兵已逃散一多半了。”于是丢掉步兵，亲率轻兵精锐日夜兼程追击齐军。孙膑估计魏军的行程当晚将到达马陵。马陵这个地方道路狭窄而多险隘，可以伏下重兵，孙膑便派人刮去一棵大树的树皮，在白树干上书写六个大字：“庞涓死此树下！”再从齐国军队中挑选万名优秀射箭手夹道埋伏，约定天黑后一见有火把亮光就万箭齐发。果然，庞涓在夜里赶到那棵树下，看见白树干上隐约有字，便令人举火照看，还未读完，两边箭如飞蝗，一齐射下，魏军大乱，溃不成军。庞涓自知败势无法挽回，便拔剑自尽，临死前叹息说：“让孙膑这小子成名了！”齐军乘势大破魏军，俘虏了太子申。"},"2-22-2":{"original":"[2]成侯邹忌恶田忌，使人操十金，卜于市，曰：“我，田忌之人也。我为将三战三胜，欲行大事，可乎？”卜者出，因使人执之。田忌不能自明，率其徒攻临淄，求成侯；不克，出奔楚。","translated":"[2]齐国成侯邹忌嫉恨田忌的赫赫战功，便派人拿着十金，去集市上算卦，问道：“我是田忌手下的人，田将军率军作战三战三胜，现在是举行登位大事的时候了吗？”待到算卦人出来，邹忌令人把他抓住，准备以此倾陷田忌。田忌无法洗刷清楚，一气之下率亲丁攻打国都临淄，想抓住邹忌，却不能取胜，只好出逃楚国。"},"2-23-0":{"original":"[1]卫鞅言于秦孝公曰：“秦之与魏，譬若人有腹心之疾，非魏并秦，秦即并魏。何者？魏居岭厄之西，都安邑，与秦界河，而独擅山东之利，利则西侵秦，病则东收地。今以君之贤圣，国赖以盛；而魏往年大破于齐，诸侯畔之，可因此时伐魏。魏不支秦，必东徙，然后秦据河、山之固，东乡以制诸侯，此帝王之业也。”公从之，使卫鞅将兵伐魏。魏使公子将而御之。","translated":"[1]公孙鞅对秦孝公说：“秦国与魏国的关系，譬如人有心腹大患，不是魏国吞并秦国，就是秦国攻占魏国。为什么呢？魏国东面是险厄山岭，建都于安邑城，与秦国以黄河为界，独享崤山以东的地利。它强盛时便向西侵入秦国，窘困时便向东收缩自保。现在秦国在您的贤明领导下，国势渐强；而魏国去年大败于齐国，各国都背弃了与它的盟约，我们可以乘此时攻伐魏国。魏国无法抵抗，只能向东迁徙。那时秦国据有黄河、崤山的险要，向东可以制服各诸侯国，就奠定了称王称霸的宏伟大业。”秦孝公听从了他的建议，派公孙鞅率兵攻打魏国。魏国也派公子为将军前来抵抗。"},"2-23-1":{"original":"军既相距，卫鞅遗公子书曰：“吾始与公子欢；今俱为两国将，不忍相攻，可与公子面相见盟，乐饮而罢兵，以安秦、魏之民。”公子以为然，乃相与会；盟已，饮，而卫鞅伏甲士，袭虏公子，因攻魏师，大破之。","translated":"两军对垒，公孙鞅派人送信给公子，写道：“当年我与公子您交情很好，现在都成为两军大将，不忍心互相攻杀。我们可以见面互相起誓结盟，畅饮之后罢兵回国，以使秦国、魏国的百姓安心。”公子信以为真，便前来赴会。两方盟誓已毕，正饮酒时，公孙鞅事先埋伏下的甲士冲出来，俘虏了公子，又乘势攻击魏军，使其大败。"},"2-23-2":{"original":"魏惠王恐，使使献河西之地于秦以和。因去安邑，徙都大梁。乃叹曰：”吾恨不用公叔之言！”","translated":"魏惠王闻知败讯，十分惊恐，派人向秦国献出河西一带的地方以求和。此后他离开安邑，迁都到大梁。这时才叹息说：“我真后悔当年不听公叔痤的话杀掉公孙鞅！”"},"2-23-3":{"original":"秦封卫鞅商於十五邑。号曰商君。","translated":"秦国封赏给公孙鞅商於地方的十五个县。于是他号称为商君。"},"2-23-4":{"original":"[2]齐、赵伐魏。","translated":"[2]齐国、赵国攻打魏国。"},"2-23-5":{"original":"[3]楚宣王薨，子威王商立。","translated":"[3]楚国楚宣王去世，其子商继位为楚威王。"},"2-24-0":{"original":"[1]秦孝公薨，子惠文王立。公子虔之徒告商君欲反，发吏捕之。商君亡之魏；魏人不受，复内之秦。商君乃与其徒之商於，发兵北击郑。秦人攻商君，杀之，车裂以徇，尽灭其家。","translated":"[1]秦国秦孝公去世，其子即位为秦惠文王。因公子虔的门下人指控商君要谋反，便派官吏前去捕捉他。商君急忙逃往魏国，魏国人拒不接纳，把他送回到秦国。商君只好与他的门徒来到封地商於，起兵向北攻打郑。秦国军队向商君进攻，将他斩杀，车裂分尸，全家老小也被杀光。"},"2-24-1":{"original":"初，商君相秦，用法严酷，尝临渭论囚，渭水尽赤。为相十年，人多怨之。赵良见商君，商君问曰：“子观我治秦孰与五大夫贤？”赵良曰：“千人之诺诺，不如一士之谔谔。仆请终日正言而无诛，可乎？”商君曰：“诺。”赵良曰：“五大夫，荆之鄙人也，穆公举之牛口之下而加之百姓之上，秦国莫敢望焉。相秦六七年而东伐郑，三置晋君，一救荆祸。其为相也，劳不坐乘，暑不张盖。行于国中，不从车乘，不操干戈。五大夫死，秦国男女流涕，童子不歌谣，舂者不相杵。今君之见也，因嬖人景监以为主；其从政也，凌轹公族，残伤百姓。公子虔杜门不出已八年矣。君又杀祝欢而黥公孙贾。《诗》曰：‘得人者兴，失人者崩。’此数者，非所以得人也。君之出也，后车载甲，多力而骈胁者为骖乘，持矛而操戟者旁车而趋。此一物不具，君固不出。《书》曰：‘恃德者昌，恃力者亡。’此数者，非恃德也。君之危若朝露，而尚贪商於之富，宠秦国之政，畜百姓之怨。秦王一旦捐宾客而不立朝，秦国之所以收君者岂其微哉！”商君弗从。居五月而难作。","translated":"起初，商君在秦国做国相时，制订法律极为严酷，他曾亲临渭河处决犯人，血流得河水都变红了。他任国相十年，招致很多人的怨恨。一次，赵良来见商君，商君问他：“你看我治理秦国，与当年的五大夫百里奚谁更高明？”赵良说：“一千个人唯唯诺诺，不如有一个人敢于直言不讳。请允许我全部说出心里的意见，而您不加以怪罪，可以吗？”商君说：“好吧！”赵良坦然而言：“五大夫，原是楚国的一个乡野之人，秦穆公把他从卑贱的养牛郎，提拔到万民之上、无人可及的崇高职位。他在秦国做国相六七年，向东讨伐了郑国，三次为晋国扶立国君，一次拯救楚国于危难之中。他做国相，劳累了也不乘车，炎热的夏天也不打起伞盖。他在国中视察，从没有众多车马随从前拥后呼，也不舞刀弄剑咄咄逼人。五大夫死的时候，秦国的男女老少都痛哭流涕，连儿童也不再唱歌谣，舂米的人也不再唱舂杵的谣曲，以遵守丧礼。现在再来看您。您起初以结交主上的宠幸心腹景监为进身之途，待到掌权执政，就凌辱践踏贵族大家，残害百姓。弄得公子虔被迫杜门不出已经有八年之久。您又杀死祝欢，给公孙贾以刺面的刑罚。《诗经》中说：‘得人心者兴旺，失人心者灭亡。’上述几件事，可算不上是得人心。您的出行，后面尾随大批车辆甲士，孔武有力的侍卫在身边护卫，持矛挥戟的武士在车旁疾驰。这些保卫措施缺了一样，您就绝不出行。《尚书》中说：‘倚仗仁德者昌盛，凭借暴力者灭亡。’上述的几件事，可算不上是以德服人。您的危险处境正像早晨的露水，没有多少时间了，却还贪恋商於地方的富庶收入，在秦国独断专行，积蓄下百姓的怨恨。一旦秦王有个三长两短，秦国用来逮捕您的罪名还会少吗？”商君没有听从赵良的劝告。只过了五个月就大难临头了。"},"2-25-0":{"original":"[1]韩申不害卒。","translated":"[1]韩国申不害去世。"},"2-26-0":{"original":"[1]宋太丘社亡。","translated":"[1]宋国太丘县的祭祀神坛倒塌。"},"2-26-1":{"original":"[2]邹人孟轲见魏惠王，王曰：“叟，不远千里而来，亦有以利吾国乎？”孟子曰：“君何必曰利，仁义而已矣！君曰何以利吾国，大夫曰何以利吾家，士庶人曰何以利吾身，上下交征利而国危矣。未有仁而遗其亲者也，未有义而后其君者也。”王曰：“善。”","translated":"[2]邹地人士孟轲求见魏惠王，惠王问道：“老先生，您不远千里而来，能给我的国家带来什么利益呢？”孟轲说：“君主您何必张口就要利益，有了仁义就足够了！如果君主光说为国谋利益，大夫光说为家谋利益，士民百姓所说的也是如何让自身得到利益，上上下下都追逐利益，那么国家就危险了。只有仁爱的人不会抛弃他的亲人，忠义的人不会把国君放到脑后。”魏惠王点头说：“对。”"},"2-26-2":{"original":"初，孟子师子思，尝问牧民之道何先。子思曰：“先利之。”孟子曰：“君子所以教民者，亦仁义而已矣，何必利！”子思曰：“仁义固所以利之也。上不仁则下不得其所，上不义则下乐为诈也，此为不利大矣。故《易》曰：‘利者，义之和也。’又曰：‘利用安身，以崇德也。’此皆利之大者也。”","review_note":"译文中的缺字人名“孔”按文言对照中的“子思”识别；未改动原始抽取记录。","translated":"起初，孟轲拜孔为师，曾经请教治理百姓什么是当务之急。孔说：“叫他们先得到利益。”孟轲问道：“贤德的人教育百姓，只谈仁义就够了，何必要说利益？”孔说：“仁义原本就是利益！上不仁，则下无法安分；上不义，则下也尔虞我诈，这就造成最大的不利。所以《易经》中说：‘利，就是义的完美体现。’又说：‘用利益安顿人民，以弘扬道德。’这些是利益中最重要的。”"},"2-26-3":{"original":"臣光曰：子思、孟子之言，一也。夫唯仁者为知仁义之为利，不仁者不知也。故孟子对梁王直以仁义而不及利者，所与言之人异故也。","review_note":"译文中的缺字人名“孔”按文言对照中的“子思”识别；未改动原始抽取记录。","translated":"臣司马光曰：孔、孟子的话，都是一个道理。只有仁义的人才知道仁义是最大的利，不仁义的人是不知道的。所以孟子对魏惠王直接宣扬仁义，闭口不谈利，是因为谈话的对象不同的缘故。"},"2-27-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐韩，拔宜阳。","translated":"[1]秦国进攻韩国，攻克宜阳。"},"2-28-0":{"original":"[1]齐王、魏王会于徐州以相王。","translated":"[1]齐王、魏王在徐州会面，互相尊称为王。"},"2-28-1":{"original":"[2]韩昭侯作高门，屈宜臼曰：“君必不出此门。何也？不时。吾所谓时者，非时日也。夫人固有利，不利时。往者君尝利矣，不作高门。前年秦拔宜阳，今年旱，君不以此时恤民之急而顾益奢，此所谓时诎举赢者也。故曰不时。”","translated":"[2]韩昭侯修建一座高大的门楼，屈宜臼对他说：“您肯定走不出这座门的。为什么呢？因为时运不宜。我所说的时候，并不是指时间。人生在世有顺利、不顺利的时候。过去您曾经有好时运，却没有修建高门楼。而去年秦国夺去了我们的宜阳，今年国内又大旱，您不在这时抚恤百姓的危难，反而奢侈挥霍，这正是古话所说的越穷越摆架子。所以我说时运不宜。”"},"2-28-2":{"original":"[3]越王无强伐齐。齐王使人说之以伐齐不如伐楚之利。越王遂伐楚。楚人大败之，乘胜尽取吴故地，东至于浙江。越以此散，诸公族争立，或为王，或为君，滨于海上，朝服于楚。","translated":"[3]越国国王姒无强攻打齐国。齐王派人向他游说：伐齐国不如去攻楚国好处大。越王于是去攻打楚国，却大败而归。楚国趁势占领了原先吴国的旧地，向东一直到浙江。越国从此分崩瓦解，各家贵族争相为王，或自立为国君，分散在沿海一带，各自向楚国臣服。"},"2-29-0":{"original":"[1]楚王伐齐，围徐州。","translated":"[1]楚王攻打齐国，围困徐州。"},"2-29-1":{"original":"[2]韩高门成。昭侯薨，子宣惠王立。","translated":"[2]韩国的高大门楼修成。韩昭侯却死了，其子即位为韩宣惠王。"},"2-29-10":{"original":"于是苏秦为从约长，并相六国，北报赵，车骑辎重拟于王者。","translated":"于是苏秦成为主持六国联盟的纵约长，兼任六国的国相。他北归赵国复命时，车马随从之多，可与王君相比。"},"2-29-11":{"original":"[4]齐威王薨，子宣王辟强立；知成侯卖田忌，乃召而复之。","translated":"[4]齐国齐威王去世，其子田辟强即位为齐宣王；他知道成侯邹忌陷害田忌，于是召回田忌复位。"},"2-29-12":{"original":"[5]燕文公薨，子易王立。","translated":"[5]燕国燕文公去世，其子即位为燕易王。"},"2-29-13":{"original":"[6]卫成侯薨，子平侯立。","translated":"[6]卫国卫成侯去世，其子即位为卫平侯。"},"2-29-2":{"original":"[3]初，洛阳人苏秦说秦王以兼天下之术，秦王不用其言。苏秦乃去，说燕文公曰：“燕之所以不犯寇被甲兵者，以赵之为蔽其南也。且秦之攻燕也。战于千里之外；赵之攻燕也，战于百里之内。夫不忧百里之患而重千里之外，计无过于此者。愿大王与赵从亲，天下为一，则燕国必无患矣。”","translated":"[3]当初，洛阳人苏秦向秦王进献兼并天下的计划，秦王却不采纳，苏秦于是离去，又游说燕文公道：“燕国之所以不遭受侵犯和掠夺，是因为南面有赵国做挡箭牌。秦国要想攻打燕国，必须远涉千里之外，而赵国要攻打燕国，只需行军百里以内。现在您不担忧眼前的灾患，反倒顾虑千里之外，办事情没有比这更错的了。我希望大王您能与赵国结为亲密友邦，两国一体，则燕国可以无忧无虑了。”"},"2-29-3":{"original":"文公从之，资苏秦车马，以说赵肃侯曰：“当今之时，山东之建国莫强于赵，秦之所害亦莫如赵。然而秦不敢举兵伐赵者，畏韩、魏之议其后也。秦之攻韩、魏也，无有名山大川之限，稍蚕食之，傅国都而止。韩、魏不能支秦，必入臣于秦；秦无韩、魏之规则祸中于赵矣。臣以天下地图案之，诸侯之地五倍于秦，料度诸侯之卒十倍于秦。六国为一，并力西乡而攻秦，秦必破矣。夫衡人者皆欲割诸侯之地以与秦，秦成则其身富荣，国被秦患而不与其忧，是以衡人日夜务以秦权恐诸侯，以求割地。故愿大王熟计之也！窃为大王计，莫如一韩、魏、齐、楚、燕、赵为从亲以畔秦，令天下之将相会于洹水之上，通质结盟，约曰：‘秦攻一国，五国各出锐师，或桡秦，或救之。有不如约者，五国共伐之！’诸侯从亲以摈秦，秦甲必不敢出于函谷以害山东矣。”肃侯大说，厚待苏秦，尊宠赐赉之，以约于诸侯。","translated":"燕文公听从苏秦的劝告，资助他车马，让他去游说赵肃侯。苏秦对赵肃侯说道：“当今之时，崤山以东的国家以赵国最强，秦国的心腹之患也是赵国，然而秦国始终不敢起兵攻赵，就是怕韩国、魏国在背后算计。秦国要是攻打韩、魏两国，没有名山大川阻挡，只要吞并一些土地，很快就兵临国都。韩国、魏国不能抵挡秦国，必定会俯首称臣；秦国没有韩国、魏国的牵制，就立即把战祸蔓延到赵国头上。让我根据天下的地图来分析一下，各国的土地面积是秦国的五倍，估计各国的兵力是秦国的十倍，如果六国结成一气，向西进攻秦国，一定可以攻破。现在主张结好秦国的人都想割各国的土地去献给秦国，秦国成就霸业他们可以获得个人荣华富贵，而各国遭受秦国的践踏，他们却毫无分忧之感。所以这些人日日夜夜总是用秦国的威势来恐吓各国，以使各国割地。我劝大王好好地想一想！为大王着想，不如联合韩、魏、齐、楚、燕、赵各国为友邦，抵抗秦国，让各国派出大将、国相在洹水举行会议，互换人质，结成同盟，共同宣誓：‘如果秦国攻打某一国，其他五国都要派出精兵，或者进行牵制，或者进行救援。哪一国不遵守盟约，其他五国就一起讨伐它！’各国结成盟邦来对抗秦国，秦国就再也不敢派兵出函谷关来侵害崤山以东各国了。”赵肃侯听罢大喜，将苏秦奉为上宾，赏赐丰厚，让他去约会各国。"},"2-29-4":{"original":"会秦使犀首伐魏，大败其师四万馀人，禽将龙贾，取雕阴，且欲东兵。苏秦恐秦兵至赵而败从约，念莫可使用于秦者，乃激怒张仪，入之于秦。","translated":"这时秦国派犀首为大将攻打魏国，大败四万多魏军，活捉魏将龙贾，攻取雕阴，又要引兵东下。苏秦担心秦兵到赵国会挫败联合各国的计划，盘算没有别人可以到秦国去用计，于是用激将法挑动张仪，前往秦国。"},"2-29-5":{"original":"张仪者，魏人，与苏秦俱事鬼谷先生，学纵横之术，苏秦自以为不及也。仪游诸侯无所遇，困于楚，苏秦故召而辱之。仪恐，念诸侯独秦能苦赵，遂入秦。苏秦阴遣其舍人赍金币资仪，仪得见秦王。秦王说之，以为客卿。舍人辞去，曰：“苏君忧秦伐赵败从约，以为非君莫能得秦柄；故激怒君，使臣阴奉给君资，尽苏君之计谋也。”张仪曰：“嗟乎，此吾在术中而不牾，吾不及苏君明矣。为吾谢苏君，苏君之时，仪何敢言！”","translated":"张仪，魏国人，当年与苏秦一起在鬼谷先生门下，学习联合、分裂各国的崐政治权术，苏秦自认为才能不及张仪。张仪游说各国没有被赏识，流落楚国，这时苏秦便召他前来，又加以羞辱。张仪被激怒，心想各国中只有秦国能让赵国吃苦头，便前往秦国。苏秦又暗中派门下小官送钱去资助张仪，使张仪见到了秦王。秦王很高兴，以客卿地位礼待张仪。苏秦派来的人告辞时对张仪说明：“苏秦先生担心秦国攻打赵国会挫败联合各国计划，认为除了您没有人能操纵秦国，所以故意激怒您，又暗中派我来供给您费用，这些都是苏秦先生的计谋啊！”张仪感慨地说：“罢了！我在别人的计谋中还不自知，我不如苏秦先生是很明显的事了。请代我拜谢苏秦先生，只要他活着，我张仪就不说二话！”"},"2-29-6":{"original":"于是苏秦说韩宣惠王曰：“韩地方九百馀里，带甲数十万，天下之强弓、劲弩、利剑皆从韩出。韩卒超足而射，百发不暇止。以韩卒之勇，被坚甲，劲弩，带利剑，一人当百，不足言也。大王事秦，秦必求宜阳、成皋；今兹效之，明年复求割地。与则无地以给之；不与则弃前功，受后祸。且大王之地有尽而秦求无已，以有尽之地逆无已之求，此所谓市怨结祸者也，不战而地已削矣。鄙谚曰：‘宁为鸡口，无为牛后。’夫以大王之贤，挟强韩之兵，而有牛后之名，臣窃为大王羞之！”韩王从其言。","translated":"于是苏秦又劝说韩宣惠王：“韩国方圆九百多里，有几十万甲士，天下的强弓、劲弩、利剑都产于韩国。韩国士兵双脚踏弩射箭，能连续百发以上。用这样勇猛的士兵，披上坚固的盔甲，张起强劲的弓弩，手持锋利宝剑，一个顶百个也不在话下。大王若是屈服秦国，秦国必定索要宜阳、成皋两城，现在满足了它，明年还会要割别的地。再给它已无地可给，不给又白费了以前的讨好，要蒙受后祸。况且大王的地有限而秦国的贪欲无止，以有限的地来迎合无穷的贪求，这正是自找苦吃，没打一仗就丢了土地。俗话说得好：‘宁为鸡口，无为牛后。’大王您这样贤明，拥有韩国的强兵，而落个尾从的名声，那时我也背地里要为您害羞了！”韩王听从了苏秦的劝说。"},"2-29-7":{"original":"苏秦说魏王曰：“大王之地方千里，地名虽小，然而田舍庐庑之数，曾无所刍牧。人民之众，车马之多，日夜行不绝，轰轰殷殷，若有三军之众。臣窃量大王之国不下楚。今窃闻大王卒，武士二十万，苍头二十万，奋击二十万，厮徒十万；车六百乘，骑五千匹；乃听于群臣之说，而欲臣事秦！故敝邑赵王使臣效愚计，奉明约，在大王之诏诏之。”魏王听之。","translated":"苏秦又对魏王说：“大王的领地方圆千里，表面上虽不算大，然而村镇房屋的稠密，已到了无处可放牧的地步。百姓、车马之多，日夜络绎不绝于道路，熙熙攘攘，好似千军万马。我私下估计，大王的国家不亚于楚国。现在听说大王有二十万武士、二十万苍头军、二十万敢死队、十万仆从、六百辆战车、五千匹战马，却打算听从群臣的浅见，去屈服秦国。所以我们赵王派我向您建议，订立盟约，望大王明察决断。”魏王也同意了苏秦的建议。"},"2-29-8":{"original":"苏秦说齐王曰：“齐四塞之国，地方二千余里，带甲数十万，粟如丘山。三军之良，五家之兵，进如锋矢，战如雷霆，解如风雨，即有军役，未尝倍泰山、绝清河、涉渤海者也。临淄之中七万户，臣窃度之，不下户三男子，不待发于远县，而临淄之卒固已二十一万矣。临淄甚富而实，其民无不斗鸡、走狗、六博、蹋鞠。临淄之涂，车毂击，人肩摩，连衽成帷，挥汗成雨。夫韩、魏之所以重畏秦者，为与秦接境壤也。兵出而相当，不十日而战，胜存亡之机决矣。韩、魏战而胜秦，则兵半折，四境不守；战而不胜，则国已危亡随其后；是故韩、魏之所以重与秦战而轻为之臣也。今秦之攻齐则不然，倍韩、魏之地，过卫阳晋之道，经乎亢父之险，车不得方轨，骑不得比行，百人守险，千人不敢过也。秦虽欲深入则狼顾，恐韩、魏之议其后也，是故恫疑、虚喝、骄矜而不敢进，则秦之不能害齐亦明矣。夫不深料秦之无柰齐何，而欲西面而事之，是群臣之计过也。今无臣事秦之名而有强国之实，臣是故愿大王少留意计之！”齐王许之。","translated":"苏秦再游说齐王说：“齐国四面要塞，广袤二千余里，披甲士兵几十万，谷积如山。精良的三军，郊外二十县的五都之兵，进攻像离弦利箭，作战如雷霆万钧，解散似风雨扫过。有了他们，即使遇到战事，也不用到泰山、清河、渤海一带去征兵。临淄城里有七万户，以我的猜度，每户男子不下三人，不用到边远县乡去征发，仅临淄城里的人已够二十一万兵了。临淄城富庶殷实，居民都斗鸡、赛狗、下棋、踢球。临淄的道路上，车多得互相碰撞，人多得摩肩接踵，衣服连起来成了帷帐，众人挥汗如同下雨。那韩国、魏国之所以十分害崐怕秦国，是因为与秦国接壤，出兵对阵，作战用不了十天，就到了存亡的生死关头。韩国、魏国如果打败了秦国，自身也损伤过半，边境难守；如果败给秦国，那么紧接着国家就濒临危亡。所以韩国、魏国对与秦国作战十分慎重，常常表示屈服忍让。而秦国来攻齐国就不一样了，要背靠韩国、魏国的国土，经过卫国阳晋之路，再经过亢父的险隘，车辆、骑兵都难以并行。只要有一百人守住险要，一千人也不敢通过。秦国即使想驱兵深入，也要顾忌韩、魏两国在它背后的活动，所以它虽骄横，却又疑心重重，虚张声势而不敢冒进攻齐，以此而见，秦国难以危害齐国是明显的。而你们不仔细考虑秦国对齐国的无可奈何，却要向西俯首称臣，这是齐国群臣的失策。现在听我的建议，齐国可以免去屈服于秦国的卑名，而获得强国的实际利益，因此我希望大王您能留意划算一下！”齐王也应允了苏秦的建议。"},"2-29-9":{"original":"乃西南说楚威王曰：“楚，天下之强国也，地方六千馀里，带甲百万，车千乘，骑万匹，粟支十年，此霸王之资也。秦之所害莫如楚，楚强则秦弱，秦强则楚弱，其势不两立。故为大王计，莫如从亲以孤秦。臣请令山东之国奉四时之献，以承大王之明诏；委社稷，奉宗庙，练士厉兵，在大王之所用之。故从亲则诸侯割地以事楚，衡合则楚割地以事秦，此两策者相去远矣，大王何居焉？”楚王亦许之。","translated":"最后，苏秦又到西南劝说楚威王道：“楚国，是天下的强国，有方圆六千余里，百万甲士，千辆战车，万匹战马，存粮可支持十年，这是称霸天下的资本。秦国的心腹之患莫过于楚国，楚国强则秦国弱，秦国强则楚国弱，两国势不两立。所以我为大王着想，不如联合各国孤立秦国。我可以让崤山以东各国四季向您进贡，以求得大王的抗秦明令；再把江山社稷、祖先宗庙都托付给您，练兵整军，听从您的指挥。由此而见，联合结盟则各国割地来归附楚国，横向亲秦则楚国要割地去归附秦国，这两种办法有天壤之别，大王您选择哪一种呢？”楚王也听从苏秦的劝说。"},"2-3-0":{"original":"[1]魏伐宋。","translated":"[1]魏国攻打宋国。"},"2-30-0":{"original":"[1]秦惠王使犀首欺齐、魏，与共伐赵，以败从约。赵肃侯让苏秦，苏秦恐，请使燕，必报齐。苏秦去赵而从约皆解。赵人决河水以灌齐、魏之师，齐、魏之师乃去。","translated":"[1]秦惠王派犀首逼迫齐国、魏国，共同出兵攻伐赵国，借此破坏各国盟约。赵肃侯斥责苏秦，苏秦十分恐惧，请求让他出使燕国，一定报复齐国。而苏秦一离开赵国，联合盟约便土崩瓦解。赵国引决黄河水淹灌齐国、魏国军队，齐国、魏国军队于是撤走。"},"2-30-1":{"original":"[2]魏以阴晋为和于秦，实华阴。","translated":"[2]魏国献出阴晋向秦国求和，阴晋实际上就是华阴。"},"2-30-2":{"original":"[3]齐王伐燕，取十城；已而复归之。","translated":"[3]齐王攻打燕国，夺取十座城，不久又归还燕国。"},"2-31-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐魏，围焦、曲沃。魏入少梁、河西地于秦。","translated":"[1]秦国进攻魏国，围困焦城和曲沃。魏国向秦国献出少梁、河西之地。"},"2-32-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐魏，渡河，取汾阴、皮氏，拔焦。","translated":"[1]秦国进攻魏国，渡过黄河，夺取汾阴、皮氏，攻克焦城。"},"2-32-1":{"original":"[2]楚威王薨，子怀王槐立。","translated":"[2]楚国楚威王去世，其子槐即位为楚怀王。"},"2-32-2":{"original":"[3]宋公剔成之弟偃袭攻剔成；剔成奔齐，偃自立为君。","translated":"[3]宋国国君宋剔成的弟弟宋偃袭击宋剔成，宋剔成逃往齐国，宋偃自立为国君。"},"2-33-0":{"original":"[1]秦公子华、张仪帅师围魏蒲阳，取之。张仪言于秦王，请以蒲阳复与魏，而使公子繇质于魏。仪因说魏王曰：“秦之遇魏甚厚，魏不可以无礼于秦。”魏因尽入上郡十五县以谢焉。张仪归而相秦。","translated":"[1]秦国公子华、张仪率军队围攻魏国蒲阳，予以攻占。张仪又建议秦王，把蒲阳还给魏国，并派公子繇到魏国去当人质。张仪于是劝说魏王道：“秦国待魏国十分宽厚，魏国可不能对秦国不讲礼义。”魏国于是拿出上郡的十五个县来报答秦国。张仪回国后被任命为秦国国相。"},"2-34-0":{"original":"[1]秦县义渠，以其君为臣。","translated":"[1]秦国夺取西戎的义渠国，改为一个县，把国君当作臣下。"},"2-34-1":{"original":"[2]秦归焦、曲沃于魏。","translated":"[2]秦国归还焦城、曲沃给魏国。"},"2-35-0":{"original":"[1]赵肃侯薨，子武灵王立；置博闻师三人，左、右司过三人，先问先君贵臣肥义，加其秩。","translated":"[1]赵国赵肃侯去世，其子即位为赵武灵王；设置“博闻师”的官职三人，又设左、右司过的官职三人。即位后先问候先王的贵臣肥义，增加了他的俸禄。"},"2-36-0":{"original":"[1]夏，四月，戊午，秦初称王。","translated":"[1]夏季，四月，戊午（初四），秦国君首次称王。"},"2-36-1":{"original":"[2]卫平侯薨，子嗣君立。卫有胥靡亡之魏，因为魏王之后治病。嗣君闻之，请以五十金买之。五反，魏不与，乃以左氏易之。左右谏曰：“夫以一都买一胥靡，可乎？”嗣君曰：“非子所知也！夫治无小，乱无大。法不立，诛不必，虽有十左氏，无益也。法立，诛必，失十左氏，无害也。”魏王闻之曰：“人主之欲，不听之不祥。”因载而往，徒献之。","translated":"[2]卫国卫平侯去世，其子嗣君即位。卫国有个苦役犯逃到魏国，为魏国王后治病。卫嗣君听说后，要求用五十金把他买回来，经过五次反复，魏国仍是不给，便打算用左氏城去换。左右侍臣劝谏说：“用一个城去买一个逃犯，值得吗？”嗣君答道：“这你们就不懂了！治理政事不忽略小事，就不会有大乱子。如果法度不建立，当杀的不杀，即使有十个左氏城，也是无用的。法度严明，违法必究，失去十个左氏城，也终无大害。”魏王听说这件事，感叹说：“国君的愿望，不满足他恐怕会不吉利。”于是用车把逃犯送回卫国，未取报偿。"},"2-37-0":{"original":"[1]秦张仪帅师伐魏，取陕。","translated":"[1]秦国张仪率军攻打魏国，夺取陕。"},"2-37-1":{"original":"[2]苏秦通于燕文公之夫人，易王知之。苏秦恐，乃说易王曰：“臣居燕不能使燕重，而在齐则燕重。”易王许之。乃伪得罪于燕而奔齐，齐宣王以为客卿。苏秦说齐王高宫室，大苑囿，以明得意，欲以敝齐而为燕。","translated":"[2]苏秦与已故燕文公的夫人私通，被燕易王发现。苏秦十分恐惧，于是对燕易王说：“我留在燕国不能使燕国变得重要，而我要是在齐国，可以设法增强燕国的力量。”易王同意了，苏秦便伪装得罪燕国逃奔齐国，齐宣王留他崐做客卿。苏秦鼓动齐王增高宫殿、扩大林园，显示齐王的地位，想借此来削弱齐国的财力，为燕国效劳。"},"2-38-0":{"original":"[1]秦张仪及齐、楚之相会啮桑。","translated":"[1]秦国张仪与齐国、楚国的国相在啮桑举行会议。"},"2-38-1":{"original":"[2]韩、燕皆称王。赵武灵王独不肯，曰：“无其实，敢处其名乎！”令国人谓己曰君。","translated":"[2]韩国、燕国都自称为王，唯独赵国赵武灵王当时还不愿称王，他说：“没有这样的实力，怎么敢用这样的名分！”命令国中人称呼他为君。"},"2-39-0":{"original":"[1]秦张仪自啮桑还而免相，相魏，欲令魏先事秦而诸侯效之；魏王不听。秦王伐魏，取曲沃、平周，复阴厚张仪益甚。","translated":"[1]秦国张仪从啮桑归来后被免去国相职务，改任魏国国相。他想让魏国臣服秦国，为各国带头，但魏王没有听从。秦王便派兵进攻魏国，夺取曲沃、平周，又暗中送给张仪丰厚财物。"},"2-4-0":{"original":"[1]秦献公败三晋之师于石门，斩首六万。王赐以黼黻之服。","translated":"[1]秦献公在石门大败韩、赵、魏三国联军，斩首六万人。周王特地颁赏他绣有黑、白、青花纹的服饰。"},"2-40-0":{"original":"[1]王崩，子慎靓王定立。","translated":"[1]周显王去世，其子姬定即位为周慎靓王。"},"2-40-1":{"original":"[2]燕易王薨，子哙立。","translated":"[2]燕国燕易王去世，其子姬哙即位。"},"2-40-2":{"original":"[3]齐王封田婴于薛，号曰靖郭君。靖郭君言于齐王曰：“五官之计，不可不日听而数览也。”王从之；已而厌之，悉以委靖郭君。靖郭君由是得专齐之权。","translated":"[3]齐王把薛城封给田婴，号称靖郭君。靖郭君对齐王说：“各主管大臣的报告，您应该每天亲自听取并反复审核。”齐王照此做去，不久就厌烦了，全部委托给靖郭君代办。于是，齐国的大权全部落到田婴手中。"},"2-40-3":{"original":"靖郭君欲城薛，客谓靖郭君曰：“君不闻海大鱼乎？网不能止，钩不能牵，荡而失水，则蝼蚁制焉。今夫齐，亦君之水也。君长有齐，奚以薛为！苟为失齐，虽隆薛之城到于天，庸足恃乎！”乃不果城。","translated":"靖郭君想在薛建城，一个幕客对他劝阻说：“您没有看到海里的大鱼吗？海网罩不住它，鱼钩也牵不住它，然而它一离开海水，连小小蚂蚁也可以制它于死地。今天的齐国，就是您的汪洋大海。您能长期掌握住齐国，又要薛城做什么！如果失去齐国大权，即使把薛城城墙砌到天上，也保不住自己！”靖郭君于是放弃了扩建计划。"},"2-40-4":{"original":"靖郭君有子四十人，共贱妾之子曰文。文通傥饶智略，说靖郭君以散财养士。靖郭君使文主家待宾客，宾客争誉其美，皆请靖郭君以文为嗣。靖郭君卒，文嗣为薛公，号曰孟尝君。孟尝君招致诸侯游士及有罪亡人，皆舍业厚遇之，存救其亲戚，食客常数千人，各自以为孟尝君亲己，由是孟尝君之名重天下。","translated":"靖郭君有四十个儿子，其中一个地位卑贱的小老婆生的儿子叫田文。田文风流通达、富有智谋，他建议靖郭君广散钱财，蓄养心腹之士。靖郭君便让田文主持家政，接待宾客，宾客都在靖郭君面前争相称赞田文，建议让他做继承人。靖郭君死后，田文果然接班做了薛公，号为孟尝君。他四处招揽收留各国的游士和有罪出逃的人才，为他们添置家产，给以丰厚待遇，还救济他们的亲戚。这样，孟尝君门下收养的食客常达几千人，都各自认为孟尝君亲近自己。因此孟尝君的美名传遍天下。"},"2-40-5":{"original":"臣光曰：君子之养士，以为民也。《易》曰：“圣人养贤，以及万民。”夫贤者，其德足以敦化正俗，其才足以顿纲振纪，其明足以烛微虑远，其强足以结仁固义；大则利天下，小则利一国。是以君子丰禄以富之，隆爵以尊之；养一人而及万人者，养贤之道也。今孟尝君之养士也，不恤智愚，不择臧否，盗其君之禄，以立私党，张虚誉，上以侮其君，下以蠹其民，是奸人之雄也，乌足尚哉！《书》曰：“受为天下逋逃主、萃渊薮。”此之谓也。","translated":"臣司马光曰：贤德的君子收养士人，是为了百姓的利益。《易经》说：“崐圣人收养贤良人才，恩泽及于天下百姓。”士人中贤良的人，道德操守足以匡正风俗，才干足以整顿纲纪，见识足以高瞻远瞩、洞察一切，毅力足以团结仁人志士；用到大处可以有利于天下，用到小处可以有利于一国。所以贤德的君子用丰厚的俸禄来收养他们，用尊崇的地位来礼待他们。蓄养一个人就能使天下百姓都普被恩泽，这是养贤之道的真谛。然而孟尝君的养士，不分聪明愚笨，不论好人坏人，一概收留；他盗用国库的薪俸，结立自己的私党，沽名钓誉，对上欺瞒国君，对下盘剥百姓，真是一个奸雄，决不值得颂扬！《尚书》说：“商纣王是收留天下罪人的窝主、藏污纳垢的匪巢。”孟尝君也正是这种情况。"},"2-40-6":{"original":"[4]孟尝君聘于楚，楚王遗之象床。登徒直送之，不欲行，谓孟尝君门人公孙戌曰：“象床之直千金，苟伤之毫发，则卖妻子不足偿也。足下能使仆无行者，有先人之宝剑，愿献之。”公孙戌许诺，入见孟尝君曰：“小国所以皆致相印于君者，以君能振达贫穷，存亡继绝，故莫不悦君之义，慕君之廉也。今始至楚而受象床，则未至之国将何以待君哉！”孟尝君曰：“善。”遂不受。公孙戌趋去，未至中闺，孟尝君召而反之，曰：“子何足之高，志之扬也？”公孙戌以实对。孟尝君乃书门版曰：“有能扬文之名，止文之过，私得宝于外者，疾入谏！”","translated":"[4]孟尝君代表齐国前往楚国访问，楚王送他一张象牙床。孟尝君令登徒直先护送象牙床回国。登徒直却不愿意去，他对孟尝君门下人公孙戌说：“象牙床价值千金，如果有一丝一毫的损伤，我就是卖了妻子儿女也赔不起啊！你要是能让我躲过这趟差使，我有一把祖传的宝剑，愿意送给你。”公孙戌答应了。他见到孟尝君说：“各个小国家之所以都延请您担任国相，是因为您能扶助弱小贫穷，使灭亡的国家复存，使后嗣断绝者延续，大家十分钦佩您的仁义，仰慕您的廉洁。现在您刚到楚国就接受了象牙床的厚礼，那些还没去的国家又拿什么来接待您呢！”孟尝君听罢回答说：“你说得有理。”于是决定谢绝楚国的象牙床厚礼。公孙戌告辞快步离开，还没出小宫门，孟尝君就把他叫了回来，问道：“你为什么那么趾高气昂、神采飞扬呢？”公孙戌只得把赚了宝剑的事如实报告。孟尝君于是令人在门上贴出布告，写道：“无论何人，只要能宏扬我田文的名声，劝止我田文的过失，即使他私下接受了别人的馈赠，也没关系，请赶快来提出意见。”"},"2-40-7":{"original":"臣光曰：孟尝君可谓能用谏矣。苟其言之善也，虽怀诈谖之心，犹将用之，况尽忠无私以事其上乎！《诗》云：“采葑采菲，无以下体。”孟尝君有焉。","translated":"臣司马光曰：孟尝君可以算是能虚心接受意见的人了。只要提的意见对，即使是别有用心，他也予以采纳，更何况那些毫无私心的尽忠之言呢！《诗经》写道：“采集蔓菁，采集土瓜，根好根坏不要管它。”孟尝君是做到了这种兼容并包的雅度。"},"2-40-8":{"original":"[5]韩宣惠王欲两用公仲、公叔为政，问于缪留。对曰：“ 不可。晋用六卿而国分；齐简公用陈成子及阚止而见杀；魏用犀首、张仪而西河之外亡。今君两用之，其多力者内树党，其寡力者藉外权。群臣有内树党以骄主，有外为交以削地，君之国危矣。”","translated":"[5]韩宣惠王想让公仲、公叔来分别掌管国家政事，征求缪留的意见。缪留回答说：“不行。过去晋国重用六家大臣，而国家被瓜分了；齐简公让陈成子和阚止分别掌权，而自身被杀；魏国任用犀首和张仪，结果沦失了西河的大片领土。现在您打算两家并重，那么强的一方必然会在国内结党营私，弱的一方便要去寻求外国支援。群臣中有在国内结党营私、欺凌主上的，有里通外国卖国求荣的，您的国家就危险了。"},"2-5-0":{"original":"[1]魏败韩师、赵师于浍。","translated":"[1]魏国在浍地击败韩国和赵国军队。"},"2-5-1":{"original":"[2]秦、魏战于少梁，魏师败绩；获魏公孙痤。","translated":"[2]秦国、魏国在少梁激战，魏国军队大败而逃，公孙痤被俘。"},"2-5-2":{"original":"[3]卫声公薨，子成侯速立。","translated":"[3]卫国卫声公去世，其子卫速即位为卫成侯。"},"2-5-3":{"original":"[4]燕桓公薨，子文公立。","translated":"[4]燕国燕桓公去世，其子即位为燕文公。"},"2-5-4":{"original":"[5]秦献公薨，子孝公立，孝公生二十一年矣。是时河、山以东强国六，淮、泗之间小国十馀，楚、魏与秦接界。魏筑长城，自郑滨洛以北有上郡；楚自汉中，南有巴、黔中：皆以夷翟遇秦，摈斥之，不得与中国之会盟。于是孝公发愤，布德修政，欲以强秦。","translated":"[5]秦国秦献公去世，其子即位为秦孝公。孝公已经二十一岁了。这时黄河、崤山以东有六个强国，淮河、泗水流域十几个小国林立，楚国、魏国与秦国接壤。魏国筑有一道长城，从郑县沿着洛水直到上郡；楚国自汉中向南占有巴郡、黔中等地。各国都把秦国当作未开化的夷族，予以鄙视，不准参加中原各诸侯国的会议盟誓。目睹此情，秦孝公决心发愤图强，整顿国家，修明政治，让秦国强大起来。"},"2-6-0":{"original":"[1]孝公下令国中曰：“昔我穆公，自岐、雍之间修德行武，东平晋乱，以河为界，西霸戎翟，广地千里，天子致伯，诸侯毕贺，为后世开业甚光美。会往者厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁，国家内忧，未遑外事。三晋攻夺我先君河西地，丑莫大焉。献公即位，镇抚边境，徙治栎阳，且欲东伐，复穆公之故地，修穆公之政令。寡人思念先君之意，常痛于心。宾客群臣有能出奇计强秦者，吾且尊官，与之分土。”于是卫公孙鞅闻是令下，乃西入秦。","translated":"[1]秦孝公在国中下令说：“当年我国的国君秦穆公，立足于岐山、雍地，励精图治，向东平定了晋国之乱，以黄河划定国界；向西称霸于戎翟等族，占地广达千里；被周王赐与方伯重任，各诸侯国都来祝贺，所开辟的基业是多么光大宏伟。只是后来历代国君厉公、躁公、简公及出子造成国内动乱不息，才无力顾及外事。魏、赵、韩三国夺去了先王开创的河西领土，这是无比的耻崐辱。到献公即位时，平定安抚边境，把都城迁到栎阳，亲往治理，准备向东征讨，收复穆公时的旧地，重修穆公时的政策法令。我想到先辈的未竟之志，常常痛心疾首。现在宾客群臣中谁能献上奇计，让秦国强盛，我就封他为高官，给他封地。”卫国的公孙鞅听到这道命令，于是西行来到秦国。"},"2-6-1":{"original":"公孙鞅者，卫之庶孙也，好刑名之学。事魏相公叔痤，痤知其贤，未及进。会病，魏惠王往问之曰：“公叔病如有不可讳，将柰社稷何？”公叔曰：“痤之中庶子卫鞅，年虽少，有奇才，愿君举国而听之！”王嘿然。公叔曰：“君即不听用鞅，必杀之，无令出境！”王许诺而去。公叔召鞅谢曰：“吾先君而后臣，故先为君谋，后以告子。子必速行矣！”鞅曰：“君不能用子之言任臣，又安能用子之言杀臣乎！”卒不去。王出，谓左右曰：“公叔病甚，悲乎，欲令寡人以国听卫鞅也！既又劝寡人杀之，岂不悖哉！”卫鞅既至秦，因嬖臣景监以求见孝公，说以富国强兵之术；公大悦，与议国事。","translated":"公孙鞅，是卫国宗族旁支后裔，喜好法家刑名之学。他在魏国国相公叔痤手下做事，公叔痤深知他的才干，但还未来得及推荐，就重病不起。魏惠王前来看望公叔痤，问道：“您如果不幸去世，国家大事如何来处置？”公叔痤说：“我手下任中庶子之职的公孙鞅，年纪虽轻，却有奇才，希望国君把国家交给他来治理！”魏惠王听罢默然不语。公叔痤又说：“如果国君您不采纳我的建议而重用公孙鞅，那就要杀掉他，不要让他到别的国家去。”魏惠王许诺后告辞而去。公叔痤又急忙召见公孙鞅道歉说：“我必须先忠于君上，然后才能照顾属下；所以先建议惠王杀你，现在又告诉你。你赶快逃走吧！”公孙鞅摇头说：“国君不能听从你的意见来任用我，又怎么能听从你的意见来杀我呢？”到底没有出逃。魏惠王离开公叔痤，果然对左右近臣说：“公叔痤病入膏肓，真是太可怜了。他先让我把国家交给公孙鞅去治理，一会儿又劝我杀了他，岂不是糊涂了吗？”公孙鞅到了秦国后，托宠臣景监推荐见到秦孝公，陈述了自己富国强兵的计划，孝公大喜过望，从此与他共商国家大事。"},"2-7-0":{"original":"[1]卫鞅欲变法，秦人不悦。卫鞅言于秦孝公曰：“夫民不可与虑始，而可与乐成。论至德者不和于俗，成大功者不谋于众。是以圣人苟可以强国，不法其故。”甘龙曰：“不然，缘法而治者，吏习而民安之。”卫鞅曰：“常人安于故俗，学者溺于所闻，以此两者，居官守法可也，非所与论于法之外也。智者作法，愚者制焉；贤者更礼，不肖者拘焉。”公曰：“善。”以卫鞅为左庶长。卒定变法之令。令民为什伍而相收司、连坐，告奸者与斩敌首同赏，不告奸者与降敌同罚。有军功者，各以率受上爵；为私斗者，各以轻重被刑大小。力本业，耕织致粟帛多者，复其身；事末利及怠而贫者，举以为收孥。宗室非有军功论，不得为属籍。明尊卑爵秩等级，各以差次名田宅、臣妾、衣服。有功者显荣，无功者虽富无所芬华。","translated":"[1]公孙鞅想实行变法改革，秦国的贵族都不赞同。他对秦孝公说：“对下层人，不能和他们商议开创的计划，只能和他们分享成功的利益。讲论至高道德的人，与凡夫俗子没有共同语言，要建成大业也不能去与众人商议。所以圣贤之人只要能够强国，就不必拘泥于旧传统。”大夫甘龙反驳说：“不对，按照旧章来治理，才能使官员熟悉规矩而百姓安定不乱。”公孙鞅说：“普通人只知道安于旧习，学者往往陷于所知范围不能自拔。这两种人，让他们做官守法可以，但不能和他们商讨旧章之外开创大业的事。聪明的人制订法规政策，愚笨的人只会受制于人；贤德的人因时而变，无能的人才死守成法。”秦孝公说：“说得好！”便任命公孙鞅为左庶长的要职。于是制定变法的法令。下令将人民编为五家一伍、十家一什，互相监督，犯法连坐。举报奸谋的人与杀敌立功的人获同等赏赐，隐匿不报的人按临阵降敌给以同等处罚。立军功者，可以获得上等爵位；私下斗殴内讧的，以其轻重程度处以大小刑罚。致力于本业，耕田织布生产粮食布匹多的人，免除他们的赋役。不务正业因懒惰而贫穷的人，全家收为国家奴隶。王亲国戚没有获得军功的，不能享有宗族的地位。明确由低到高的各级官阶等级，分别配给应享有的田地房宅、奴仆侍女、衣饰器物。使有功劳的人获得荣誉，无功劳的人即使富有也不能显耀。"},"2-7-1":{"original":"令既具未布，恐民之不信，乃立三丈之木于国都市南门，募民有能徙置北门者予十金。民怪之，莫敢徙。复曰：“能徙者予五十金！”有一人徙之，辄崐予五十金。乃下令。","translated":"法令已详细制订但尚未公布，公孙鞅怕百姓难以确信，于是在国都的集市南门立下一根长三丈的木杆，下令说有人能把它拿到北门去就赏给十金。百姓们感到此事很古怪，没人动手去搬。公孙鞅又说：“能拿过去的赏五十金。”于是有一个人半信半疑地拿着木杆到了北门，立刻获得了五十金的重赏。这时，公孙鞅才下令颁布变法法令。"},"2-7-2":{"original":"令行期年，秦民之国都言新令之不便者以千数。于是太子犯法。卫鞅曰：“法之不行，自上犯之。”太子，君嗣也，不可施刑，刑其傅公子虔，黥其师公孙贾。明日，秦人皆趋令。行之十年，秦国道不拾遗，山无盗贼，民勇于公战，怯于私斗，乡邑大治。秦民初言令不便者，有来言令便。卫鞅曰：“此皆乱法之民也！”尽迁之于边。其后民莫敢议令。","translated":"变法令颁布一年后，秦国百姓前往国都控诉新法使民不便的数以千计。这时太子也触犯了法律，公孙鞅说：“新法不能顺利施行，就在于上层人士带头违犯。”太子是国君的继承人，不能施以刑罚，便将他的老师公子虔处刑，将另一个老师公孙贾脸上刺字，以示惩戒。第二天，秦国人听说此事，都小心翼翼地遵从法令。新法施行十年，秦国一片路不拾遗、山无盗贼的太平景象，百姓勇于为国作战，不敢再行私斗，乡野城镇都得到了治理。这时，那些当初说新法不便的人中，有些又来说新法好，公孙鞅说：“这些人都是乱法的刁民！”把他们全部驱赶到边疆去住。此后老百姓不敢再议论法令的是非。"},"2-7-3":{"original":"臣光曰：夫信者，人君之大宝也。国保于民，民保于信；非信无以使民，非民无以守国。是故古之王者不欺四海，霸者不欺四邻，善为国者不欺其民，善为家者不欺其亲。不善者反之，欺其邻国，欺其百姓，甚者欺其兄弟，欺其父子。上不信下，下不信上，上下离心，以至于败。所利不能药其所伤，所获不能补其所亡，岂不哀哉！昔齐桓公不背曹沫之盟，晋文公不贪伐原之利，魏文侯不弃虞人之期，秦孝公不废徙木之赏。此四君者道非粹白，而商君尤称刻薄，又处战攻之世，天下趋于诈力，犹且不敢忘信以畜其民，况为四海治平之政者哉！","translated":"臣司马光曰：信誉，是君主至高无上的法宝。国家靠人民来保卫，人民靠信誉来保护；不讲信誉无法使人民服从，没有人民便无法维持国家。所以古代成就王道者不欺骗天下，建立霸业者不欺骗四方邻国，善于治国者不欺骗人民，善于治家者不欺骗亲人。只有蠢人才反其道而行之，欺骗邻国，欺骗百姓，甚至欺骗兄弟、父子。上不信下，下不信上，上下离心，以至一败涂地。靠欺骗所占的一点儿便宜救不了致命之伤，所得到的远远少于失去的，这岂不令人痛心！当年齐桓公不违背曹沫以胁迫手段订立的盟约，晋文公不贪图攻打原地而遵守信用，魏文侯不背弃与山野之人打猎的约会，秦孝公不收回对移动木杆之人的重赏，这四位君主的治国之道尚称不上完美，而公孙鞅可以说是过于刻薄了，但他们处于你攻我夺的战国乱世，天下尔虞我诈、斗智斗勇之时，尚且不敢忘记树立信誉以收服人民之心，又何况今日治理一统天下的当政者呢！"},"2-7-4":{"original":"[2]韩懿侯薨，子昭侯立。","translated":"[2]韩国韩懿侯去世，其子即位为韩昭侯。"},"2-8-0":{"original":"[1]秦败韩师于西山。","translated":"[1]秦国在西山击败韩国军队。"},"2-9-0":{"original":"[1]魏、韩会于。","translated":"[1]韩国、魏国在地举行会议。"},"3-1-0":{"original":"[1]卫更贬号曰君。","translated":"[1]卫国国君再次把自己的爵位由侯降到君。"},"3-10-0":{"original":"[1]蜀相杀蜀侯。","translated":"[1]蜀国国相杀死封侯的国君。"},"3-10-1":{"original":"[2]秦惠王使人告楚怀王，请以武关之外易黔中地。楚王曰：“不愿易地，愿得张仪而献黔中地。”张仪闻之，请行。王曰：“楚将甘心于子，柰何行？”张仪曰：“秦强楚弱，大王在，楚不宜敢取臣。且臣善其嬖臣靳尚，靳尚得事幸姬郑袖，袖之言，王无不听者。”遂往。楚王囚，将杀之。靳尚谓郑袖曰：“秦王甚爱张仪，将以上庸六县及美女赎之。王重地尊秦，秦女必贵而夫人斥矣。”于是郑袖日夜泣于楚王曰：“臣各为其主耳。今杀张仪，秦必大怒。妾请子母俱迁江南，毋为秦所鱼肉也！”王乃赦张仪而厚礼之。张仪因说楚王曰：“夫为从者无以异于驱群羊而攻猛虎，不格明矣。今王不事秦，秦劫韩驱梁而攻楚，则楚危矣。秦西有巴、蜀，治船积粟，浮岷江而下，一日行五百余里，不至十日而拒关，关惊则从境以东尽城守矣，黔中、巫郡非王之有。秦举甲出武关，则北地绝。秦兵之攻楚也，危难在三月之内，而楚待诸侯之救在半岁之外，夫待弱国之救，忘强秦之祸，此臣所为大王患也。大王诚能听臣，臣请令秦、楚长为兄弟之国，无相攻伐。”楚王已得张仪而重出黔中地，乃许之。","translated":"[2]秦惠王派人通知楚怀王，想用武关以外的地方换黔中之地。楚王说：“我不愿换地，只想用黔中之地来换张仪。”张仪听说后，请求秦王同 意。秦王问：“楚国要杀死你才甘心，你为什么还要去？”张仪说：“秦国强，楚国弱，只要大王您在，估计楚国不敢把我怎么样。而且我和楚王的宠臣靳尚关系密切，靳尚又侍奉楚王的爱姬郑袖，郑袖的话，楚王没有不听的。”于是欣然前往楚国。楚王把他下在狱中，准备处死。靳尚对郑袖说：“秦王十分宠爱张仪，想用上庸等六个县及美女来赎回他。大王看重土地，又尊重秦国，那样秦国的美女将被宠幸，您就会遭到冷落。”于是郑袖日夜在楚王面前哭着哀求：“当年的事，不过是臣各为其主。现在要是杀了张仪，秦国必定震怒。我请求让我们母子两人先迁居江南，不要成为秦国刀下的鱼肉。”楚王于是赦免了张仪，还以厚礼相待。张仪劝说楚王道：“倡导各国联合抗秦，简直是赶着羊群去进攻猛虎，明显无法相斗。现在大王您不肯听命秦国，秦国如果逼迫韩国、驱使魏国来联合攻楚，楚国可就危险了。秦国西部有巴、蜀两地，备船积粮，沿岷江而下，一天可行五百余里，不到十天就兵临关。关惊动，则由此以东的各城都要修治守备，黔中、巫郡便不再是大王您的了。秦国如果大举甲兵攻出武关，那么楚国的北部就成为绝地，秦兵再南攻楚国，楚国的存亡只在三个月以内，而楚国等待各国来救援要在半年以上。坐等那些弱国来救，而忘记了强秦的威胁，我可要为大王您现在的做法担心啊！大王如果能诚心诚意地听我的意见，我可以让楚国、秦国永久结为兄弟之邦，不再互相攻杀。”楚王虽然已经得到了张仪，却又舍不得拿黔中之地来交换，于是同意了张仪的建议，让他离开。"},"3-10-2":{"original":"张仪遂之韩，说韩王曰：“韩地险恶山居，五谷所生，非菽而麦，国无二岁之食；见卒不过二十万。秦被甲百馀万。山东之士被甲蒙胄以会战，秦人捐甲徒裼以趋敌，左挈人头，右挟生虏。夫战孟贲、乌获之士以攻不服之弱国，无异垂千钧之重于鸟卵之上，必无幸矣。大王不事秦，秦下甲据宜阳，塞成皋，则王之国分矣，鸿台之宫，桑林之苑，非王之有也。为大王计，莫如事秦以攻楚，以转祸而悦秦，计无便于此者！”韩王许之。","translated":"张仪便前往韩国，劝说韩王：“韩国地方险恶多山，所产五谷，不是豆子而是杂麦，国家口粮积存不够两年，现在军中的士兵不过二十万，秦国却有甲兵一百余万。崤山以东的人要披上盔甲才可以参战，而秦国人个个赤膊便能上阵迎敌，左手提着人头，右手夹着俘虏。秦国用孟贲、乌获那些勇士们来进攻不肯臣服的弱国，正像在鸟蛋上压下千钧重石，无一可幸免。大王您不肯迎合秦国，若秦国发下甲兵占踞宜阳，扼守成皋，大王的国家就被分裂，鸿台的宫殿，桑林的园苑，就不再是您能享有的了。为大王着想，您不如结好秦国进攻楚国，既转嫁了祸灾又取得秦国欢心，没有比这更好的主意了！”韩王听从了张仪的意见。"},"3-10-3":{"original":"张仪归报，秦王封以六邑，号武信君。复使东说齐王曰：“从人说大王者崐必曰：‘齐蔽于三晋，地广民众，兵强士勇，虽有百秦，将无柰齐何。’大王贤其说而不计其实。今秦、楚嫁女娶妇，为昆弟之国；韩献宜阳；梁效河外；赵王入朝，割河间以事秦。大王不事秦，秦驱韩、梁攻齐之南地，悉赵兵，渡清河，指博关，临、即墨非王之有也！国一日见攻，虽欲事秦，不可得也！”齐王许张仪。","translated":"张仪回到秦国报告，秦王封赏给他六个城邑和武信君的爵位。又派他向东游说齐王说：“主张联合抗秦的人，必对您说：‘齐国有三晋作屏障，地广人多，兵强士勇，即使有一百个秦国，也拿齐国无可奈何。’大王您也总是称赞这种说法而不考虑实际情况。现在秦、楚两国互通婚姻，结为兄弟之国；韩国献给秦国宜阳；魏国交出河外之地；赵王也去朝见秦王，割让河间讨好秦国。大王若是不迎合秦国，秦国将驱使韩国、魏国之兵进攻齐国南部，再逼迫赵兵倾巢而出，渡过清河，直指博关。那时临淄、即墨等齐国心腹地带可就不属于您所有了。等到国家遭受攻击的那天，您再想讨好秦国，也来不及了！”齐王同样采纳了张仪的建议。"},"3-10-4":{"original":"张仪去，西说赵王曰：“大王收率天下以摈秦，秦兵不敢出函谷关十五年。大王之威行于山东，敝邑恐惧，缮甲厉兵，力田积粟，愁居慑处，不敢动摇，唯大王有意督过之也。今以大王之力，举巴、蜀，并汉中，包两周，守白马之津。秦虽僻远，然而心忿含怒之日久矣。今秦有敝甲凋兵军于渑池，愿渡河，逾漳，据番吾，会邯郸之下，愿以甲子合战，正殷纣之事。谨使使臣先闻左右。今楚与秦为昆弟之国，而韩、梁称东藩之臣，齐献鱼盐之地，此断赵之右肩也。夫断右肩而与人斗，失其党而孤居，求欲毋危得乎！今秦发三将军，其一军塞午道，告齐使渡清河，军于邯郸之东，一军军成皋，驱韩、梁军于河外，一军军于渑池，约四国为一以攻赵，越服必四分其地。臣窃为大王计，莫如与秦王面相约而口相结，常为兄弟之国也。”赵王许之。","translated":"张仪离开齐国，又向西游说赵王道：“大王带头联合各国抵抗秦国，使秦兵十五年不敢出函谷关侵犯各国。大王的威望在崤山以东传扬，我们秦国十分恐惧，缮甲厉兵，积蓄粮草，时刻担忧您的威慑，不敢放松警惕，唯恐大王您兴兵前来问罪。现在我们秦国托福您大王的神力，一举攻下巴、蜀，吞并汉中，包围两周，兵抵白马津。我们秦国虽然地处偏远，然而对赵国心含愤怒已不是一天了。如今秦国有一支不成样子的败甲残兵驻在渑池，愿意渡过黄河，越过漳水，进据番吾，前来邯郸城下相会。希望用古时甲子会战形式，重演武王伐纣的故事。为此，特派使臣我来通知您的左右。现在楚国与秦国结为兄弟之邦，韩国、魏国俯首称臣，齐国献出盛产鱼盐的海滨之地，这就像砍断了赵国的右臂。被砍断了右臂而与别人争斗，失去同党而又孤立无援，想要不灭亡，能办到吗！如果秦国派出三支大军，一支军队扼守午道，通知齐国渡过清河，在邯郸之东驻军；另一支军队驻扎成皋，驱使韩、魏军队进军河外；第三支军队驻扎渑池，约定四国联合攻赵，征服后必定四分其地。我为大王着想，不如与秦王当面亲口结下盟约，使两国成为长久的兄弟之国。”赵王也接受了张仪的劝说。"},"3-10-5":{"original":"张仪乃北之燕，说燕王曰：“今赵王已入朝，效河间以事秦。大王不事秦，秦下甲云中、九原，驱赵而攻燕，则易水、长城非大王之有也！且今时齐、赵之于秦，犹郡县也，不敢妄举师以攻伐。今王事秦，长无齐、赵之患矣。”燕王请献常山之尾五城以和。","translated":"最后，张仪北上到达燕国，对燕王说：“如今赵王已经去朝见秦王，并献出河间以迎合秦国。大王您不赶快结好秦国，秦国就会派甲兵到云中、九原，驱使赵国进攻燕国，易水、长城可就不是大王您的了！况且，现在齐国、赵国就像秦国的郡县一样，不敢妄起刀兵相攻伐。大王您服从秦国，就可以长年免除齐国、赵国的威胁了。”燕王于是请张仪献上恒山脚下的五个城以向秦国求和。"},"3-10-6":{"original":"张仪归报，未至咸阳，秦惠王薨，子武王立。武王自为太子时，不说张仪；及即位，群臣多毁短之。诸侯闻仪与秦王有隙，皆畔衡，复合从。","translated":"张仪回国报告，还没到咸阳，秦惠王就去世了，其子秦武王继位。武王从做太子时就不喜欢张仪，等到他一即王位，郡臣中很多人便前来诽谤数说张仪的短处。各国听说张仪与秦王间发生矛盾,都放弃了对秦国的许诺，再次联合抗秦。"},"3-11-0":{"original":"[1]张仪说秦武王曰：“为王计者，东方有变，然后王可以多割得地也。臣闻齐王甚憎臣，臣之所在，齐必伐之。臣愿乞其不肖之身以之梁，齐必伐梁，齐、梁交兵而不能相去，王以其间伐韩，入三川，挟天子，案图籍，此王业也！”王许之。齐王果伐梁，梁王恐。张仪曰：“王勿患也！请令齐罢兵。”乃使其舍人之楚，借使谓齐王曰：“甚矣王之托仪于秦也！”齐王曰：“何故？”楚使者曰：“张仪之去秦也固与秦王谋矣，欲齐、梁相攻而令秦取三川也。今王果伐梁，是王内罢国而外伐与国，而信仪于秦王也”。齐王乃解兵还。张仪相魏一岁，卒。","translated":"[1]张仪向秦武王建议：“为大王您考虑，东方发生事变，大王才能乘机多割得土地。我听说齐王十分憎恨我，我居留在哪里，齐国必定要去攻打。我请求让我这个不肖之人到魏国去，齐国必定要讨伐魏国，齐国、魏国正打得难解难分的时候，大王便可以乘机攻打韩国，进军三川，挟持天子，掌握天下的版图，这是帝王大业呀！”秦王允许张仪到魏国去。齐国果然出兵攻魏，魏王十分惊恐。张仪安慰说：“大王不要担心！让我来退掉齐兵。”于是派他的手下人到楚国，借使臣之口对齐王说：“大王把张仪托付给秦国的办法真厉害呀！”齐王问：“怎么讲？”楚国使者说：“张仪离开秦国本来就是与秦王定下的计谋，想让齐、魏两国互相攻击而秦国乘机夺取三川地方。现在大王您果然攻打魏国，正是对内劳民伤财，对外结仇邻国，而使张仪重新获得秦王的信任。”齐王听罢，下令退兵回国。张仪在魏国做了一年的国相，便去世了。"},"3-11-1":{"original":"仪与苏秦皆以纵横之术游诸侯，致位富贵，天下争慕效之。又有魏人公孙衍者，号曰犀首，亦以谈说显名。其余苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之徒，纷纭遍于天下，务以辩诈相高，不可胜纪；而仪、秦、衍最著。","translated":"张仪与苏秦都以合纵、连横的政治权术游说各国，达到富贵的高位，使天下人争相效法。还有个魏国人公孙衍，名号犀首，也以能说会道著称。其余的苏代、苏厉、周最、楼缓之流，纷纭而起，遍于天下，务必以诡辩诈术一争高下，多得举不胜举。然而还要数张仪、苏秦、公孙衍当时名声最为显赫。"},"3-11-2":{"original":"孟子论之曰：或谓：“公孙衍张仪岂不大丈夫哉；一怒而诸侯惧，安居而天下熄？”孟子曰：“是恶足为大丈夫哉！君子立天下之正位，行天下之正道，得志则与民由之，不得志则独行其道，富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能诎，是之谓大丈夫。”","translated":"孟轲论之曰：有人说：“公孙衍、张仪难道不是大丈夫吗？他一怒而使各国恐惧，安居时又能使兵火息灭。”孟轲说：“那岂能称得上大丈夫！君子处世堂堂正正，行天下之正道，得志便带领百姓，同行正道，不得志便洁身自好，独行正道，富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，这才能算得是大丈夫。”"},"3-11-3":{"original":"扬子《法言》曰：或问：“仪、秦学乎鬼谷术而习乎纵横言，安中国者各十馀年，是夫？”曰：“诈人也，圣人恶诸。”曰：“孔子读而仪、秦行，何如也？”曰：“甚矣凤鸣而鸷翰也！”“然则子贡不为欤？”曰：“乱而不解，子贡耻诸。说而不富贵，仪、秦耻诸。”或曰：“仪、秦其才矣乎，迹不蹈已？”曰：“昔在任人，帝而难之。不以才乎？才乎才，非吾徒之才也！”","translated":"扬雄《法言》曰：有人问：“张仪、苏秦学习鬼谷子的智术，运用合纵、连横的道理，各自使中国得到十几年的安定，是这样吗？”回答说：“骗人术。圣人对此十分厌恶。”又问：“读孔子的书而做张仪、苏秦那样的事，怎么样呢？”回答说：“这好像有凤凰般的嗓音却长着凶鸟的羽毛，糟透了！”再问：“然而孔子的弟子子贡不正是这样干的吗？”回答说：“子贡为的是排难解纷，张仪、苏秦为的是谋取富贵，游说的目的不同。”有人问：“张仪、苏秦能不蹈前人旧辙，也算是卓越的人才吧？”回答说：“上古时舜帝对奸佞之人加以拒斥，能说不考虑才干吗？那种人才倒是有才，但不是我们所认为的才干！”"},"3-11-4":{"original":"[2]秦王使甘茂诛蜀相庄。","translated":"[2]秦王派甘茂诛杀蜀国国相陈庄。"},"3-11-5":{"original":"[3]秦王、魏王会于临晋。","translated":"[3]秦王、魏王在临晋相会。"},"3-11-6":{"original":"[4]赵武灵王纳吴广之女孟姚，有宠，是为惠后。生子何。","translated":"[4]赵武灵王娶吴广的女儿吴孟姚为惠后，十分宠爱她，生下儿子赵何。"},"3-12-0":{"original":"[1]秦初置丞相，以樗里疾为右丞相。","translated":"[1]秦国设置丞相职务，任命樗里疾为右丞相。"},"3-13-0":{"original":"[1]秦、魏会于应。","translated":"[1]秦国、魏国在应城举行会议。"},"3-13-1":{"original":"[2]秦王使甘茂约魏以伐韩，而令向寿辅行。甘茂令向寿还，谓王曰：“魏听臣矣，然愿王勿伐！”王迎甘茂于息壤而问其故。对曰：“宜阳大县，其实郡也。今王倍数险，行千里，攻之难。鲁人有与曾参同姓名者杀人，人告其母，其母织自若也。及三人告之，其母投杼下机，逾墙而走。臣之贤不若曾参，王之信臣又不如其母，疑臣者非特三人，臣恐大王之投杼也。魏文侯令乐羊将而攻中山，三年而拔之。反而论功，文侯示之谤书一箧。乐羊再拜稽首曰：‘此非臣之功，君之力也！’今臣，羁旅之臣也，樗里子、公孙挟韩而议之，王必听之，是王欺魏王而臣受公仲侈之怨也。”王曰：“寡人弗听也，请与子盟！”乃盟于息壤。秋，甘茂、庶长封帅师伐宜阳。","translated":"[2]秦王派甘茂去约定魏国共同进攻韩国，又让向寿作他的助手。甘茂命令向寿回国对秦王说：“魏国倒是听从了我的安排，不过我希望大王您不要进攻韩国！”秦王在息壤迎接甘茂，询问原因，甘茂回答说：“宜阳是个大县，其实应属郡一级。现在大王您下令面对多重险隘，不远千里，发兵进攻，是很困难的。鲁国有个与曾参同姓名的人杀了人，有人告诉曾参的母亲，他的母亲仍旧织布，泰然自若。等到先后来了三个人告诉她同样的事情，曾参母亲也扔下机杼，跳墙逃走了。我的贤良不如曾参，大王您对我的信任又不如曾参的母亲，猜疑我的人更不止三个人，所以我怕大王您将来也会有扔下机杼的举动。再说当年魏文侯任命乐羊为大将进攻中山国，三年才攻下。回来论功行赏，魏文侯向乐羊出示别人的指控书，多达一筐。乐羊一再叩头行礼说：‘这不是我的功劳，实在要归功于您信任啊！’现在我甘茂，是个寄居秦国的外籍人，樗里子、公孙将来抓住韩国的事情来攻击我，大王一定会听信他们。那时攻宜阳前功尽弃，结果是大王您背弃了与魏王的约定，而我遭受韩国国相公仲侈的怨恨。”秦王说：“我不会听他们的，可以和你起誓！”于是两人在息壤立下誓言。秋季，甘茂和名叫封的庶长率领大军前去攻打宜阳。"},"3-14-0":{"original":"[1]甘茂攻宜阳，五月而不拔。樗里子、公孙果争之。秦王召甘茂，欲罢兵。甘茂曰：“息壤在彼。”王曰：“有之 。”因大悉起兵以佐甘茂，斩首六万，遂拔宜阳。韩公仲侈入谢于秦以请平。","translated":"[1]甘茂率军进攻宜阳，过了五个月还没有攻克。樗里子、公孙果然争相指责他。秦王便派人去召甘茂，想罢兵回国。甘茂只说：“息壤还在原来的地方。”秦王恍然大悟，说：“有这回事。”于是征发全部兵力去协助甘茂，结果杀死韩军六万人，攻陷宜阳。韩国相公仲侈只好来谢罪求和。"},"3-14-1":{"original":"[2]秦武王好以力戏，力士任鄙、乌获、孟说皆至大官。八月，王与孟说举鼎，绝脉而薨；族孟说。武王无子，异母弟稷为质于燕，国人逆而立之，是为昭襄王。昭襄王母芈八子，楚女也，实宣太后。","translated":"[2]秦武王喜好习武较力，大力士任鄙、乌获、孟说都先后做了大官。八月，秦王与孟说举大铜鼎时，用力过猛，血管破裂而死。孟说及其家族被杀。秦武王没有儿子，异母弟弟嬴稷在燕国做人质，国中贵族于是迎回他立为秦昭襄王。秦昭襄王的母亲芈八子，是楚国女子，封为宣太后。"},"3-14-2":{"original":"[3]赵武灵王北略中山之地，至房子，遂至代，北至无穷，西至河，登黄华之上。与肥义谋胡服骑射以教百姓，曰：“愚者所笑，贤者察焉。虽驱世以笑我，胡地、中山，吾必有之！”遂胡服。","translated":"[3]赵武灵王向北进攻中山国，大兵经房子城，抵达代地，再向北直至大漠中的无穷，向西攻到黄河，登上黄华山顶，与大臣肥义商议让百姓穿短衣胡服，崐学骑马与射箭。他说：“愚蠢的人会嘲笑我，但聪明的人是可以理解的。即使天下的人都嘲笑我，我也这样做，一定能把北方胡人的领地和中山国都夺过来！”于是带头改穿胡服。"},"3-14-3":{"original":"国人皆不欲，公子成称疾不朝。王使人请之曰：“家听于亲，国听于君。今寡人作教易服而公叔不服，吾恐天下议己也。制国有常，利民为本；从政有经，令行为上。明德先论于贱，而从政先信于贵，故愿慕公叔之义以成胡服之功也。”公子成再拜稽首曰：“臣闻中国者，圣贤之所教也，礼乐之所用也，远方之所观赴也，蛮夷之所则效也。今王舍此而袭远方之服，变古之道，逆人之心，臣愿王孰图之也！”使者以报。王自往请之，曰：“吾国东有齐、中山，北有燕、东胡，西有楼烦、秦、韩之边。今无骑射之备，则何以守之哉？先时中山负齐之强兵，侵暴吾地，系累吾民，引水围；微社稷之神灵，则几于不守也。先君丑之，故寡人变服骑射，欲以备四境之难，报中山之怨。而叔顺中国之俗，恶变服之名，以忘事之丑，非寡人之所望也！”公子成听命，乃赐胡服；明日服而朝。于是始出胡服令，而招骑射焉。","translated":"国中的士人有不少反对，公子成假称有病，不来上朝。赵王派人前去说服他：“家事听从父母，国政服从国君，现在我向人民宣传改变服装，而叔父您不穿，我担心天下人会议论我徇私情。治理国家有一定章法，总以有利人民为根本；办理政事有一定常规，执行命令是最重要的。宣传道德要先针对卑贱的下层，而推行法令必须从贵族近臣做起。所以我希望能借助叔父您的榜样来完成改穿胡服的功业。”公子成拜谢道：“我听说，中国是在圣贤之人教化下，用礼乐仪制，使远方国家前来游观，让四方夷族学习效法的地方。现在君王您舍此不顾，去仿效远方外国的服装，是擅改古代习惯、违背人心的举动，我希望您慎重考虑。”使者回报赵王。赵王便亲自登门解释说：“我国东面有齐国、中山国；北面有燕国、东胡；西面是楼烦，与秦、韩两国接壤，如果没有骑马射箭的训练，怎么能守得住呢？先前中山国倚仗齐国的强兵，侵犯我们领土，掠夺人民，又引水围灌城，如果不是老天保佑，城几乎就失守了。此事先王深以为耻。所以我决心改变服装，学习骑射，想以此抵御四面的灾难，一报中山 国之仇。而叔父您一味依循中国旧俗，厌恶改变服装，已经忘记了城的奇耻大辱，我对您深感失望啊！”公子成翻然醒悟，欣然从命，赵王亲自赐给他胡服，第二天他便穿戴入朝。于是，赵王正式下达改穿胡服的法令，提倡学习骑马射箭。"},"3-15-0":{"original":"[1]秦昭王使向寿平宜阳，而使樗里子、甘茂伐魏。甘茂言于王，以武遂复归之韩。向寿、公孙争之，不能得，由此怨谗甘茂。茂惧，辍伐魏蒲阪，亡去。樗里子与魏讲而罢兵。甘茂奔齐。","translated":"[1]秦昭王派向寿去平抚宜阳，又令樗里子、甘茂去攻打魏国。甘茂向秦王建议，把武遂归还给韩国。向寿、公孙坚决反对，但未能阻止，于是怨恨甘茂。甘茂心中恐惧，便中断对魏国蒲阪的进攻，逃走了。樗里子只好与魏国讲和退兵。结果甘茂投奔到齐国去了。"},"3-15-1":{"original":"[2]赵王略中山地，至宁葭；西略胡地，至榆中。林胡王献马。归，使楼缓之秦，仇液之韩，王贲之楚，富丁之魏，赵爵之齐；代相赵固主胡，致其 兵。","translated":"[2]赵王进攻中山国，兵抵宁葭；又向西攻打胡人，直至榆中。胡人的林胡王献马求和。赵王归来，派楼缓出使秦国，仇液出使韩国，王贲出使楚国，富丁出使魏国，赵爵出使齐国；命代相赵固主持胡人部落事务，召集胡兵。"},"3-15-2":{"original":"[3]楚王与齐、韩合从。","translated":"[3]楚王与齐国、韩国订立同盟。"},"3-16-0":{"original":"[1]彗星见。","translated":"[1]天空出现彗星。"},"3-16-1":{"original":"[2]赵王伐中山，取丹丘、爽阳、鸿之塞，又取、石邑、封龙、东垣。中山献四邑以和。","translated":"[2]赵王进攻中山国，夺取丹丘、爽阳、鸿之塞，又攻占城、石邑、封崐龙、东垣。中山国只好献出四城求和。"},"3-16-2":{"original":"[3]秦宣太后异父弟曰穰侯魏冉，同父弟曰华阳君芈戎；王之同母弟曰高陵君、泾阳君。魏冉最贤，自惠王、武王时，任职用事。武王薨，诸弟争立，唯魏冉力能立昭王。昭王即位，以魏冉为将军，卫咸阳。是岁，庶长壮及大臣、诸公子谋作乱，魏冉诛之；及惠文后皆不得良死，悼武王后出居于魏，王兄弟不善者，魏冉皆灭之。王少，宣太后自治事，任魏冉为政，威震秦国。","translated":"[3]秦国宣太后异父弟为穰侯魏冉，同父弟为华阳君芈戎；秦王的同母弟为高陵君、泾阳君。其中魏冉最贤良，从秦惠王、秦武王时起，就担任要职。秦武王死后，各兄弟间争夺王位，只有魏冉能独力扶立秦昭王。秦昭王即位后，任命魏冉为将军，守卫咸阳。当年，名叫壮的庶长及大臣、诸公子阴谋作乱，被魏冉镇压下去；因受到牵连，惠文后被害死，悼武王后也离开秦国流落到魏国。与秦昭王不和的兄弟，全都被魏冉处死。因秦昭王年幼，宣太后便亲自管理国家，任用魏冉执政，使他的威势震慑全国。"},"3-17-0":{"original":"[1]秦王、楚王盟于黄棘；秦复与楚上庸。","translated":"[1]秦王、楚王在黄棘会盟，秦国把上庸归还给楚国。"},"3-18-0":{"original":"[1]彗星见。","translated":"[1]天空出现彗星。"},"3-18-1":{"original":"[2]秦取魏蒲阪、晋阳、封陵；又取韩武遂。","translated":"[2]秦国攻取魏国蒲阪、晋阳、封陵；又夺去韩国的武遂。"},"3-18-2":{"original":"[3]齐、韩、魏以楚负其从亲，合兵伐楚。楚王使太子横为质于秦以请救。秦客卿通将兵救楚，三国引兵去。","translated":"[3]齐国、韩国、魏国因为楚国背叛抗秦同盟，联合出兵攻打楚国。楚王派太子芈横作为人质，向秦国求救。秦国派名叫通的客卿率军队援救楚国，三国联军于是退走。"},"3-19-0":{"original":"[1]秦王、魏王、韩太子婴会于临晋，韩太子至咸阳而归；秦复与魏蒲阪。","translated":"[1]秦王、魏王、韩国太子韩婴在临晋举行会议，韩国太子又前往秦国咸阳后才归去，秦国把蒲阪归还给魏国。"},"3-19-1":{"original":"[2]秦大夫有私与楚太子斗者，太子杀之，亡归。","translated":"[2]秦国有个大夫私下与楚国太子争斗，楚太子杀了他后，逃回楚国。"},"3-2-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐韩，取鄢。","translated":"[1]秦国进攻韩国，夺取鄢陵。"},"3-2-1":{"original":"[2]魏惠王薨，子襄王立。孟子入见而出，语人曰：“望之不似人君，就之而不见所畏焉。卒然问曰：‘天下恶乎定？’吾对曰：‘定于一。’‘孰能一之？’对曰：‘不嗜杀人者能一之。’‘孰能与之？’对曰：‘天下莫不与也。王知夫苗乎？七、八月之间旱，则苗槁矣。天油然作云，沛然下雨，则苗勃然兴之矣。其如是，孰能御之！’”","translated":"[2]魏惠王去世，其子即位为魏襄王。孟轲前去拜见他，离开后对别人说：“襄王的样子就不像一个君主，和他接触也无法产生敬畏之感。他猛然问我：‘天下怎样才能安定？’我回答说：‘统一才能安定。’他又问：‘谁能统一？’回答：‘不滥杀人的人能统一。’‘谁愿意让他统一呢？’我回答说：‘天下的百姓都愿意。大王您知道禾苗吧，七八月间遇上大旱，禾苗都干枯萎靡。这时天上乌云密布，大雨滂沱，禾苗就生机勃勃，一片葱郁。这样的势头，谁能阻挡！’”"},"3-20-0":{"original":"[1]日有食之，既。","translated":"[1]出现日全食。"},"3-20-1":{"original":"[2]秦人取韩穰。","translated":"[2]秦国夺取韩国穰城。"},"3-20-2":{"original":"[3]蜀守辉叛秦，秦司马错往诛之。","translated":"[3]蜀地郡守嬴辉反叛秦国，秦国派司马错前去将他处死。"},"3-20-3":{"original":"[4]秦庶长奂会韩、魏、齐兵伐楚，败其师于重丘，杀其将唐昧；遂取重丘。","translated":"[4]秦国派名叫奂的庶长联合韩、魏、齐三国出兵攻打楚国，在重丘大败楚军，杀死楚将唐昧，夺取重丘。"},"3-20-4":{"original":"[5]赵王伐中山，中山君奔齐。","translated":"[5]赵王出兵攻打中山国，中山国君逃奔齐国。"},"3-21-0":{"original":"[1]秦泾阳君为质于齐。","translated":"[1]秦国泾阳君到齐国去充当人质。"},"3-21-1":{"original":"[2]秦华阳君伐楚，大破楚师，斩首三万，杀其将景缺，取楚襄城。楚王恐，使太子为质于齐以请平。","translated":"[2]秦国派华阳君攻打楚国，大破楚军，杀死三万人，包括楚将景缺，夺取了襄城。楚王十分恐惧，把太子送到齐国，请求和解。"},"3-21-2":{"original":"[3]秦樗里疾卒，以赵人楼缓为丞相。","translated":"[3]秦国樗里疾去世，任命赵国人楼缓为丞相。"},"3-21-3":{"original":"[4]赵武灵王爱少子何，欲及其生而立之。","translated":"[4]赵武灵王宠爱幼子赵何，想趁自己在世时立他为国君。"},"3-22-0":{"original":"[1]五月戊申，大朝东宫，传国于何。王庙见礼毕，出临朝，大夫悉为臣。肥义为相国，并傅王。武灵王自号“主父”。主父欲使子治国，身胡服，将士大夫西北略胡地。将自云中、九原南袭咸阳，于是诈自为使者，入秦，欲以观秦地形及秦王之为人。秦王不知，已而怪其状甚伟，非人臣之度，使人逐之；主父行已脱关矣，审问之，乃主父也。秦人大惊。","translated":"[1]五月戊申（二十六日），赵王在东宫举行盛大仪式，把国君之位传给赵何。赵何祭祀宗庙之后，登位治理政事，他属下的大夫都成为朝廷大臣。又任命肥义为相国，并尊称为国君老师。赵武灵王自称“主父”。赵主父想让儿子在国中治事，身穿胡人服装率领文臣武将去攻打西北胡人领地。他计划从云中、九原向南袭击秦都咸阳，便自己扮作使者，前往秦国，想借此来侦察秦国地形及秦王的为人。秦王没有觉察，事后觉得此人相貌伟岸不凡，不像是臣子能有的风度，派人急忙去追赶他；而赵主父一行已经出了边关。经过一番盘问调查，秦国人才知道他就是赵主父，大惊失色。"},"3-22-1":{"original":"[2]齐王、魏王会于韩。","translated":"[2]齐王、魏王在韩国相会。"},"3-22-2":{"original":"[3]秦人伐楚，取八城。秦王遗楚王书曰：“始寡人与王约为兄弟，盟于黄棘，太子入质，至欢也。太子陵杀寡人之重臣，不谢而亡去。寡人诚不胜怒，使兵侵君王之边。今闻君王乃令太子质于齐以求平。寡人与楚接境，婚姻相亲；而今秦、楚不欢，则无以令诸侯。寡人愿与君王会武关，面相约，结盟而去，寡人之愿也！”","translated":"[3]秦国攻打楚国，夺取八座城市。秦王派人给楚王送信，写道：“起初我与你约定两国为兄弟之邦，在黄棘盟誓，派楚太子到秦国为人质，彼此关系欢洽。不料楚太子辱杀我的重臣，不辞而别，使我无比愤慨，才派兵攻入你的境内。现在听说你又让太子到齐国充当人质，以求和解。我国与你们楚国互相接壤，结为婚姻亲家，要是秦、楚关系如此恶化，就无法号令其他国家。我想与你在武关会面，当面约定，结成友好同盟。这是我真心的愿望！”"},"3-22-3":{"original":"楚王患之，欲往恐见欺，欲不往恐秦益怒。昭睢曰：“毋行而发兵自守耳！秦，虎狼也，有并诸侯之心，不可信也！”怀王之子兰劝王行，王乃入秦。秦王令一将军诈为王，伏兵武关，楚王至则闭关劫之，与俱西，至咸阳，朝章台，如藩臣礼，要以割巫、黔中郡。楚王欲盟，秦王欲先得地。楚王怒曰：“秦诈我，而又强要我以地！”因不复许。秦人留之。","translated":"楚王十分为难，赴约怕落入圈套，不去又怕秦国更加恼怒。昭睢说：“大王不能去，应该赶快调兵固守。秦是虎狼之国，早有吞并各国的野心，决不可信任！”楚怀王的儿子芈兰却劝怀王去，于是怀王前往秦国。秦王让一位将军假扮为秦王，在武关伏下重兵，楚怀王一到便闭上关门，把他劫持到了西边的咸阳。又命令怀王朝拜秦国章台宫，行属国使臣的礼节，并逼迫怀王割让巫郡和黔中郡。怀王要求举行盟誓，秦王却坚持楚国先交出割地。楚怀王十分愤怒地斥责说：“秦王欺骗了我，还想用强暴逼迫我割地！”不再答应。秦国便把他扣留下来。"},"3-22-4":{"original":"楚大臣患之，乃相与谋曰：“吾王在秦不得还，要以割地，而太子为质于齐；齐、秦合谋，则楚无国矣。”欲立王子之在国者。昭睢曰：“王与太子俱困于诸侯，今又倍王命而立其庶子，不宜！”乃诈赴于齐。齐王召群臣谋之，或曰：“不若留太子以求楚之淮北。”齐相曰：“不可！郢中立王，是吾抱空质而行不义于天下也。”其人曰：“不然，郢中立王，因与其新王市曰：‘予我下东国，吾为王杀太子。不然，将与三国共立之。’”齐王卒用其相计而归楚太子。楚人立之。","translated":"楚国大臣十分震惊，互相商议说：“我们的君王扣在秦国回不来，被要胁崐割地，而太子又在齐国充当人质；如果齐国秦国一起算计我们，那楚国就完了。”便打算拥立一位在国内的王子继位为王。昭睢反对说：“君王和太子都被困在外国，现在我们违背君王的意旨去立其他儿子，实在不妥当。”于是假称楚王去世，到齐国去要求迎回太子。齐王召集群臣商议，有人建议：“不如扣下太子要求楚国割让淮河以北。”齐相说：“不可，如果楚国另立一王，我们就空有人质而落个天下指责的不义名声。”那人又说：“不怕，如果楚国新立一王，我们可以和新王作交易：‘给我下东国，我替你杀死太子，不然的话，我们就联合三个国家立太子为楚王。’”但齐王还是听从了国相的意见，归还楚太子，楚国便立太子为楚王。"},"3-22-5":{"original":"[4]秦王闻孟尝君之贤，使泾阳君为质于齐以请。孟尝君来入秦，秦王以为丞相。","translated":"[4]秦王听说孟尝君的贤德名望，派泾阳君为齐国人质，邀请孟尝君前来。孟尝君到了秦国，秦王任命他为丞相。"},"3-23-0":{"original":"[1]或谓秦王曰：“孟尝君相秦，必先齐而后秦；秦其危哉！”秦王乃以楼缓为相，囚孟尝君，欲杀之。孟尝君使人求解于秦王幸姬，姬曰：“愿得君狐白裘。”孟尝君有狐白裘，已献之秦王，无以应姬求。客有善为狗盗者，入秦藏中，盗狐白裘以献姬。姬乃为之言于王而遣之。王后悔，使追之。孟尝君至关，关法，鸡鸣而出客，时尚蚤，追者将至，客有善为鸡鸣者，野鸡闻之皆鸣。孟尝君乃得脱归。","translated":"[1]有人劝告秦王：“孟尝君做秦国丞相，一定会先照顾齐国而后才考虑秦国，秦国实在危险！”秦王于是仍任楼缓为丞相，囚禁孟尝君，想杀掉他。孟尝君派人向秦王宠爱的姬妾求情，姬妾说：“我希望得到你那件白狐皮袍。”孟尝君确实有件白狐皮袍，但已经献给了秦王，无法满足姬妾的要求。他的幕僚中有个人善于盗窃，便潜入秦宫藏库，盗出白狐皮袍送给那个姬妾。姬妾于是替孟尝君说情让秦王释放他回国。可是秦王又后悔了，就派人去追。孟尝君急急逃到边关，按照守关制度，要等鸡叫才能放行过客，而这时天色还早。秦王派来追的人马上就到。幸亏孟尝君幕僚中有人善学鸡叫，四野的鸡一听他的叫声都引颈长鸣，孟尝君才得以出关脱身。"},"3-23-1":{"original":"[2]楚人告于秦曰：“赖社稷神灵，国有王矣！”秦王怒，发兵出武关击楚，斩首五万，取十六城。","translated":"[2]楚国通知秦国：“蒙上天神灵佑护，我们楚国又有君王了。”秦王恼羞成怒，发兵出武关进攻楚国，杀五万人，夺占十六座城。"},"3-23-2":{"original":"[3]赵王封其弟为平原君。平原君好士，食客尝数千人。有公孙龙者，善为坚白同异之辩，平原君客之。孔穿自鲁适赵，与公孙龙论臧三耳，龙甚辩析。子高弗应，俄而辞出，明日复见平原君。平原君曰：“畴昔公孙之言信辩也，先生以为何如？”对曰：“然。几能令臧三耳矣。虽然，实难！仆愿得又问于君：今谓三耳甚难而实非也，谓两耳甚易而实是也，不知君将从易而是者乎，其亦从难而非者乎？”平原君无以应。明日，谓公孙龙曰：“公无复与孔子高辩事也！其人理胜于辞；公辞胜于理，终必受诎。”","translated":"[3]赵王封弟弟赵胜为平原君。平原君好养士，门下的食客常有几千人。其中有个公孙龙，善于作“坚白同异”的辩论考证，平原君尊他为座上宾。孔穿从鲁国来到赵国，与公孙龙辩论“奴婢有三个耳朵”的观点，公孙龙辩解十分精微，孔穿无以对答，一会儿就告辞了。第二天他再见平原君，平原君问：“昨天公孙龙的一番论述头头是道，先生觉得如何？”回答说：“是的，他几乎能让奴婢真的长出三只耳朵来。说起来虽然如此，实际上是困难的。我想再请教您：现在论证三个耳朵十分困难，又非事实；论证两个耳朵十分容易而确属事实，不知道您将选择容易、真实的，还是选择困难、虚假的？”平原君也哑口无言。第二天，平原君对公孙龙说：“您不要再和孔穿辩论了，他的道理胜过言辞，而您的言辞胜过道理，最后肯定占不了上风。”"},"3-23-3":{"original":"邹衍过赵，平原君使与公孙龙论白马非马之说。邹子曰：“不可。夫辩者，别殊类使不相害，序异端使不相乱。抒意通指，明其所谓，使人与知焉，不务相迷也。故胜者不失其所守，不胜者得其所求。若是，故辩可为也。及至 烦文以相假，饰辞以相，巧譬以相移，引人使不得及其意，如此害大道。夫崐缴纫争言而竞后息，不能无害君子，衍不为也。”座皆称善。公孙龙由是遂诎。","translated":"邹衍路过赵国，平原君让他和公孙龙辩论“白马非马”的观点。邹衍说：“不行。所谓辩论，应该区别不同类型，不相侵害；排列不同概念，不相混淆；抒发自己的意旨和一般概念，表明自己的观点，让别人理解，而不是困惑迷惘。如此，辩论的胜者能坚持自己的立场，不胜者也能得到他所追求的真理，这样的辩论是可以进行的。如果用繁文缛节来作为凭据，用巧言饰辞来互相诋毁，用华丽词藻来从偷换概念，吸引别人使之不得要领，就会妨害治学的根本道理。那种纠缠不休，咄咄逼人，总要别人认输才肯住口的作法，有害君子风度，我邹衍是绝不参加的。”在座的人听罢都齐声叫好。从此，公孙龙便受到了冷落。"},"3-3-0":{"original":"[1]楚、赵、魏、韩、燕同伐秦，攻函谷关。秦人出兵逆之，五国之师皆败走。","translated":"[1]楚国、赵国、魏国、韩国、燕国联合讨伐秦国，进攻函谷关。秦国出兵迎敌，五国联军败退而回。"},"3-3-1":{"original":"[2]宋初称王。","translated":"[2]宋国国君开始称王。"},"3-4-0":{"original":"[1]秦败韩师于鱼，斩首八万级，虏其将、申差于浊泽。诸侯振恐。","translated":"[1]秦国在鱼大败韩国军队，杀死八万人，于浊泽俘虏韩军大将和申差。各国震惊。"},"3-4-1":{"original":"[2]齐大夫与苏秦争宠，使人刺秦，杀之。","translated":"[2]齐国大夫与苏秦争权，派人刺杀了苏秦。"},"3-4-2":{"original":"[3]张仪说魏襄王曰：“梁地方不至千里，卒不过三十万，地四平，无名山大川之限，卒戍楚、韩、齐、赵之境，守亭、障者不过十万，梁之地势固战场也。夫诸侯之约从，盟于洹水之上，结为兄弟以相坚也。今亲兄弟同父母，尚有争钱财相杀伤，而欲恃反覆苏秦之馀谋，其不可成亦明矣。大王不事秦，秦下兵攻河外，据卷衍、酸枣，劫卫，取阳晋，则赵不南，赵不南则梁不北，梁不北则从道绝，从道绝则大王之国欲毋危不可得也。故愿大王审定计议，且赐骸骨。”魏王乃倍从约，而因仪以请成于秦。张仪归，复相秦。","translated":"[3]张仪劝说魏襄王道：“魏国地方不满千里，士兵不足三十万，地势四下平坦，没有崇关大河的险要。防军分别守卫与楚、韩、齐、赵接壤的边界，用来扼守要塞的不过十万人，所以，魏国历来是厮杀的战场。各国约定联合抗秦，在洹水结盟，作为兄弟之邦互相救援。然而同一父母的亲兄弟，有时还为争夺钱财互相残杀，各国之间，想靠反复无常小人苏秦的一番伎俩，就结成同盟，明显是不足恃的。大王您不与秦国结好，秦国就会发兵进攻河外，占据卷县、酸枣等地，袭击卫国，夺取阳晋。那时，赵国不能南下，魏国也不能北上，南北隔绝，就谈不上联合抗秦，大王您的国家想避免危险也不可能了。所以我希望大王您能深思熟虑，拿定主意，让我辞去魏国相位，回秦国去筹划修好。”魏王于是背弃了联合抗秦的盟约，派张仪前往秦国去求和。张仪回到秦国，再次出任国相。"},"3-4-3":{"original":"[4]鲁景公薨，子平公旅立。","translated":"[4]鲁国鲁景公去世，其子姬旅即位为鲁平公。"},"3-5-0":{"original":"[1]巴、蜀相攻击，俱告急于秦。秦惠王欲伐蜀，以为道险狭难至，而韩又来侵，犹豫未能决。司马错请伐蜀。张仪曰：“不如伐韩。”王曰：“请闻其说。”仪曰：“亲魏，善楚，下兵三川，攻新城、宜阳，以临二周之郊，据九鼎，按图籍，挟天子以令于天下，天下莫敢不听，此王业也。臣闻争名者于朝，争利者于市。今三川、周室，天下之朝市也，而王不争焉，顾争于戎翟，去王业远矣。”司马错曰：“不然。臣闻欲富国者务广其地，欲强兵者务富其民，欲王者务博其德：三资者备而王随之矣。今王地小民贫，故臣愿先从事于易。夫蜀，西僻之国而戎翟之长也，有桀、纣之乱；以秦攻之，譬如使豺狼逐群羊；得其地足以广国，取其财足以富民，缮兵不伤众而彼已服焉。拔一国而天下不以为暴，利尽四海而天下不以为贪，是我一举而名实附也，而又有禁暴止乱之名。今攻韩，劫天子，恶名也，而未必利也；又有不义之名，而攻天下所不欲，危矣。臣请论其故；周，天下之宗室也。齐，韩之与国也。周自知失九鼎，韩自知亡三川，将二国并力合谋，以因乎齐、赵而求解乎楚、魏，以鼎与楚，以地与魏，王弗能止也。此臣之所谓危也。不如伐蜀完。”王从错计，起兵伐蜀；十月取之。贬蜀王，更号为侯；而使陈庄相蜀。蜀既属秦，秦以益强，富厚，轻诸侯。","translated":"[1]巴国、蜀国互相攻击，都来向秦国告急求救，秦惠王想出兵讨伐蜀国，但顾虑道路险峻难行，韩国又可能来侵犯，所以犹豫不决。司马错建议他仍旧出兵伐蜀，张仪却说：“不如去征讨韩国。”秦惠王说：“请谈谈你的见解。”张仪便陈述道：“我们应该与魏国、楚国亲善友好，然后出兵黄河、伊水、洛水一带，攻取新城、宜阳，兵临东西周王都，控制象征王权的九鼎和天下版图，挟持天子以号令天下，各国就不敢不从，这是称王的大业。我听人说，要博取名声应该去朝廷，要赚取金钱应该去集市。现在的黄河、伊洛一带和周朝王室，正好比天下的朝廷和集市，而大王您不去那里争雄，反倒纠缠于远方的戎狄小族争斗，这可不是帝王的大业啊！”司马错反驳张仪说：“不对。我也听说有这样的话：想要使国家富强必须先开拓疆土，想要使军队强大必须先让老百姓富庶，想要成就帝王大业必须先树立德望。这三个条件具备，帝王大业也就水到渠成。现在大王的国家地小民贫，所以我建议先从容易之事做起。蜀国，是西南偏僻之国，又是戎狄之族的首领，政治昏乱，如同夏桀、商纣；以秦国大兵攻蜀，就像狼入羊群一样。攻占它的土地可以扩大秦国疆域，夺取它的财富可以赡养百姓，而军队不须有大的伤亡就可以使蜀国屈服。这样，吞并一个国家而天下并不认为秦国强暴，获取广泛的利益天下也不认为秦国贪婪，我们一举两得、名利双收，更享有除暴安良的美誉。秦国若是攻打韩国、劫持周天子，就会臭名远扬，也不见得有什么实际利益。蒙受不义之名，攻打天下人所不愿攻占的地方，那可是很危险的！请让我细说其中的原因：周朝，是天下尊崇的王室；齐国，是韩国的亲睦友邦。周朝自知要失去九鼎，韩国自知要失去伊洛一带领土，两国将会齐心合力，共同谋划，求得齐国、赵国的援助，并与有旧怨的楚国、魏国和解，甚至不惜把鼎送给楚国，把土地割让给魏国，对此，大王您只能束手无策。这就是我所说的危险所在。所以，攻打蜀国才是十拿九稳的上策。”秦惠王听从了司马错的建议，起兵伐蜀，仅用了十个月就攻克全境，把蜀王降为侯，又任命陈庄为蜀国国相。蜀国为秦国吞并以后，秦国更加富庶和强盛而轻视周围各国。"},"3-5-1":{"original":"[2]苏秦既死，秦弟代、厉亦以游说显于诸侯。燕相子之与苏代婚，欲得燕权。苏代使于齐而还，燕王哙问曰：“齐王其霸乎？”对曰：“不能。”王曰：“何故？”对曰：“不信其臣。”于是燕王专任子之。鹿毛寿谓燕王曰：“人之谓尧贤者，以其能让天下也。今王以国让子之，是王与尧同名也。”燕王因属国于子之，子之大重。或曰：“禹荐益而以启人为吏，及老而以启为不足任天下，传之于益。启与交党攻益，夺之，天下谓禹名传天下于益而实令启自取之。今王言属国于子之而吏无非太子人者，是名属子之而实太子用事也。”王因收印绶，自三百石吏已上而效之子之。子之南面行王事，而哙老，不听政，顾为臣，国事皆决于子之。","translated":"[2]苏秦死后，他的弟弟苏代、苏厉也以游说著称于各国。燕国相子之便崐与苏代结为通姻亲家，想谋得燕国大权。苏代出使齐国归来，燕王姬哙问他：“齐王能称霸吗？”苏代回答：“不能。”燕王又问：“为什么？”回答说：“他不信任臣僚。”于是燕王把大权交给子之。鹿毛寿也对燕王说：“人们称道尧是贤明君主，就是因为他能让出天下。现在燕王您要是把国家让给子之，就能与尧有同样的名声。”燕王于是把国家嘱托给了子之。子之从此大权集于一身。还有人对燕王说：“上古时禹推荐益为接班人，又任命儿子启的属下作益的官吏。到老时，禹说启不能胜任治理天下的重责，把君位传给益。然而启勾结自己的党羽攻击益，很快夺取了君位。因此天下人都说禹明着是传天下给益，而实际上是安排儿子启去自己夺位。现在燕王您虽然说了把国家交给子之，但官员都是太子的人，这同样是名义属于子之而实权在太子手里啊！”燕王便下令收缴所有官印，把三百石俸禄以上的官职都交给子之任命。从此，子之面南称王，姬哙年老，不再听理政事，反而成了臣子，国家大事都由子之来决断。"},"3-6-0":{"original":"[1]王崩，子赧王延立。","translated":"[1]周慎靓王去世，其子姬延即位为周赧王。"},"3-7-0":{"original":"[1]秦入侵义渠，得二十五城。","translated":"[1]秦国入侵义渠，夺取二十五个城镇。"},"3-7-1":{"original":"[2]魏人叛秦。秦人伐魏，取曲沃而归其人。又败韩于岸门，韩太子仓入质于秦以和。","translated":"[2]魏国反叛秦国，于是秦国讨伐魏国，攻占曲沃城，却将城中百姓驱归魏国。又在岸门打败韩国，韩国将太子韩仓送到秦国作为人质，以求和好。"},"3-7-2":{"original":"[3]燕子之为王三年，国内大乱。将军市被与太子平谋攻子之。齐王令人谓太子曰：“寡人闻太子将饬君臣之义，明父子之位，寡人之国唯太子所以令之。”太子因要党聚众，使市被攻子之，不克。市被反攻太子。构难数月，死者数万人，百姓恫恐。齐王令章子将五都之兵，因北地之众以伐燕。燕士卒不战，城门不闭。齐人取子之，醢之，遂杀燕王哙。","translated":"[3]燕国子之作国王三年，国内大乱，将军市被与太子姬平合谋攻打子之。齐王派人对燕太子说：“我听说您将要整饬君臣大义，申明父子名位，我的国家愿意支持您的号召，做坚强后盾。”燕太子于是聚集死党，派将军市被进攻子之，却没有得手，市被反倒戈攻打太子。国内动乱几个月，死亡达几万人，人心惶惶。此时，齐王命章子为大将，率领国都周围五城的军队及北方的部队征伐燕国。燕国士兵毫无战意，城门大开不守。齐国便捕获了子之，把他剁成肉酱。燕王姬哙也同时被杀。"},"3-7-3":{"original":"齐王问孟子曰：“或谓寡人勿取燕，或谓寡人取之。以万乘之国伐万乘之国，五旬而举之，人力不至于此；不取，必有天殃。取之何如？”孟子对曰：“取之而燕民悦则取之，古之人有行之者，武王是也。取之而燕民不悦则勿取，古之人有行之者，文王是也。以万乘之国伐万乘之国，箪食壶浆以迎王师，岂有他哉？避水火也。如水益深，如火益热，亦运而已矣！”","translated":"齐王请教孟轲：“有人建议我不要攻占燕国，有人却建议我乘机吞并它。我想，以万乘兵车的大国去进攻另一个同样的大国，五十天就征服，这靠人的力量是作不到的，只能是天意。现在我若不吞并燕国，上天一定会降祸怪罪。我把燕国并入齐国，怎么样？”孟轲回答说：“吞并后如果燕国人民很高兴，那就吞并吧，古代有这样做的，比如周武王。吞并而使燕国人民气愤，就不要吞并，古代也有这样行事的，比如周文王。齐国以万乘兵车大国征讨另一个大国，那里的百姓都捧着食品、茶水来迎接齐军，没有别的原因，就是为了跳出水深火热的战祸啊！如果新统治下水更深，火更热，百姓又将转而投奔别的国家了。”"},"3-7-4":{"original":"诸侯将谋救燕。齐王谓孟子曰：“诸侯多谋伐寡人者，何以待之？”对曰：“臣闻七十里为政于天下者，汤是也；未闻以千里畏人者也。《书》曰：‘我后，后来其苏。’今燕虐其民，王往而征之，民以为将拯己于水火之中也，箪食壶浆以迎王师。若杀其父兄，系累其子弟，毁其宗庙，迁其重器，如崐之何其可也！天下固畏齐之强也，今又倍地而不行仁政，是动天下之兵也。王速出令，反其旄倪，止其重器，谋于燕众，置君而后去之，则犹可及止也。”齐王不听。","translated":"各国策划援救燕国。齐王又对孟轲问道：“各国都谋划来讨伐我，怎么办？”回答说：“我听说过只占有七十里而能统一号令天下的例子，就是商王汤。没听说过拥有千里之广的国家而总是畏惧别人的。《尚书》说：“盼望我们的君主，他来了我们就可以获得解救。’现在燕国虐待它的百姓，大王前往征服它，燕国人民认为是从水深火热中拯救了他们，都箪食壶浆前来迎接仁义之师。您如果杀了他们的父兄，囚捕他们的子弟，毁坏他们的祖庙，掠夺他们的国宝，那可就不行了。天下本来就畏惧齐国的强大，现在齐国土地又增加了一倍，如果不施行仁政，那么就会招致天下的讨伐。大王您应该立即下令，释放被捕的老幼百姓，停止掠夺燕国的财宝，与燕国民众商议，推举新的国君，然后离开燕国，这样做还来得及。”齐王却没有采纳孟轲的劝告。"},"3-7-5":{"original":"已而燕人叛。王曰：“吾甚惭于孟子。”陈贾曰：“王无患焉。”乃见孟子，曰：“周公何人也？”曰：“古圣人也。”陈贾曰：“周公使管叔监商，管叔以商畔也。周公知其将畔而使之与？”曰：“不知也。”陈贾曰：“然则圣人亦有过与？”曰：“周公，弟也，管叔，兄也，周公之过不亦宜乎！且古之君子，过则改之；今之君子，过则顺之。古之君子，其过也如日月之食，民皆见之；及其更也，民皆仰之。今之君子，岂徒顺之，又从为之辞？”","translated":"不久，燕国人果然纷纷反叛齐国，齐王叹息道：“我真惭愧没听孟轲的话。”陈贾说：“大王不用担心。”于是他前去见孟轲，问：“周公是什么样的人？”回答说：“是古代的圣人。”陈贾又说：“周公派管叔监视商朝旧地，管叔却在商地反叛。难道周公预先知道管叔会反叛而仍派他去吗？”回答：“周公预先不知道。”陈贾便说：“如此说来圣人也会犯错误吗？”孟轲说：“周公，是弟弟，管叔，是哥哥，周公的错误是可以理解的。况且古代的君子，有了错误就改；现在的所谓君子，有了错误听之任之。古代的君子，他的过失像日食月食，人民都看得到；待到他改正，人民便更加景仰他。现在的君子，不但听任错误不改，反而寻找托辞。”"},"3-7-6":{"original":"[4]是岁，齐宣王薨，子王地立。","translated":"[4]同年，齐国齐宣王去世，其子田地即位为齐王。"},"3-8-0":{"original":"[1]秦右更疾伐赵，拔蔺，虏其将庄豹。","translated":"[1]秦国派名叫疾的右更官员，率军讨伐赵国。攻占蔺地，俘虏赵将庄豹。"},"3-8-1":{"original":"[2]秦王欲伐齐，患齐、楚之从亲，乃使张仪至楚，说楚王曰：“大王诚能听臣，闭关绝约于齐，臣请献商於之地六百里，使秦女得为大王箕帚之妾，秦、楚嫁女娶妇，长为兄弟之国。”楚王说 而许之。群臣皆贺，陈轸独吊。王怒曰：“寡人不兴师而得六百里地，何吊也？”对曰：“不然。以臣观之，商於之地不可得而齐、秦合，齐、秦合则患必至矣。”王曰：“有说乎？”对曰：“夫秦之所以重楚者，以其有齐也。今闭关绝约于齐则楚孤，秦奚贪夫孤国而与之商於之地六百里！张仪至秦，必负王。是王北绝齐交，西生患于秦也，两国之兵必俱至。为王计者，不若阴合而阳绝于齐，使人随张仪，苟与吾地，绝齐未晚也。”王曰：“愿陈子闭口，毋复言，以待寡人得地！”乃以相印授张仪，厚赐之。遂闭关绝约于齐，使一将军随张仪至秦。","translated":"[2]秦王想征伐齐国，又顾虑齐国与楚国有互助条约，便派张仪前往楚国。张仪对楚王说：“大王如果能听从我的建议，与齐国废除盟约，断绝邦交，我可以向楚国献上商於地方的六百里土地，让秦国的美女 来做侍奉您的妾婢。秦、楚两国互通婚嫁，就能永远结为兄弟之邦。”楚王十分高兴，允诺张仪的建议。群臣都前来祝贺，只有陈轸表示哀痛。楚王恼怒地问：“我一兵未发而得到六百里土地，有什么不好？”陈轸回答：“您的想法不对。以我之见，商於的土地不会到手，齐国、秦国却会联合起来，齐、秦一联合，楚国即将祸事临门了。”楚王问：“你有什么解释呢？”陈轸回答：“秦国之所以重视楚国，就是因为我们有齐国作盟友。现在我们如果与齐国毁约断交，楚国便孤立了，秦国又怎么会偏爱一个孤立无援的国家而白送商於六百里地呢！张仪回到秦国以后，一定会背弃对大王您的许诺。那时大王北与齐国断交，西与秦国生崐出怨仇，两国必定联合发兵夹攻。为您算计，不如我们暗中与齐国仍旧修好而只表面上绝交，派人随张仪回去，如果真的割让给我们土地，再与齐国绝交也不晚。”楚王斥责道：“请你陈先生闭上嘴巴，不要再说废话了，等着看我去接收大片土地吧！”于是把国相大印授给张仪，又重重赏赐他。随后下令与齐国毁约断交，派一名将军同张仪前往秦国。"},"3-8-2":{"original":"张仪详堕车，不朝三月。楚王闻之，曰：“仪以寡人绝齐未甚邪？”乃使勇士宋遗借宋之符，北骂齐王。齐王大怒，折节以事秦，齐、秦之交合。张仪乃朝，见楚使者曰：“子何不受地？从某至某，广袤六里。”使者怒，还报楚王。楚王大怒，欲发兵而攻秦。陈轸曰：“轸可发口言乎？攻之不如因赂之以一名都，与之并力而攻齐，是我亡地于秦，取偿于齐也。今王已绝于齐而责欺于秦，是吾合齐、秦之交而来天下之兵也，国必大伤矣！”楚王不听，使屈帅师伐秦。秦亦发兵使庶长章击之。","translated":"张仪回国后，假装从车上跌下，三个月不上朝。楚王听说后自语道：“张仪是不是觉得我与齐国断交做得还不够？”便派勇士宋遗借了宋国的符节，北上到齐国去辱骂齐王。齐王大怒，立即降低身份去讨好秦国，齐国、秦国于是和好。这时张仪才上朝，见到楚国使者，故作惊讶地问：“你为何还不去接受割地？从某处到某处，有六里多见方。”使者愤怒地回国报告楚王，楚王勃然大怒，想发兵攻打秦国。陈轸说：“我可以开口说话吗？攻秦国还不如用一座大城的代价去收买它，与秦国合力攻齐国。这样我们从秦国失了地，还可以在齐国得到补偿。现在大王您已经与齐国断交，又去质问秦国的欺骗行为，是我们促使齐国、秦国和好而招来天下的军队了，国家一定会有大损失！”楚王仍是不听他的劝告，派屈率军队征讨秦国，秦国也任命魏章为庶长之职，起兵迎击。"},"3-9-0":{"original":"[1]春，秦师及楚战于丹阳，楚师大败；斩甲士八万，虏屈及列侯、执七十余人，遂取汉中郡。楚王悉发国内兵以复袭秦，战于蓝田，楚师大败。韩、魏闻楚之困，南袭楚，至邓。楚人闻之，乃引兵归，割两城以请平于秦。","translated":"[1]春季，秦、楚两国军队在丹阳大战，楚军大败，八万甲士被杀，屈及以下的列侯、执圭等七十多名官员被俘。秦军乘势夺取了汉中郡。楚王又征发国内全部兵力再次袭击秦国，在蓝田决战，楚军再次大败。韩、魏等国见楚国危困，也向南袭击楚国，直达邓。楚国听说了，只好率军回救，割让两座城向秦国求和。"},"3-9-1":{"original":"[2]燕人共立太子平，是为昭王。昭王于破燕之后。吊死问孤，与百姓同甘苦，卑身厚币以招贤者。谓郭隗曰：“齐因孤之国乱而袭破燕，孤极知燕小力少，不足以报；然诚得贤士与共国，以雪先王之耻，孤之愿也。先生视可者，得身事之！”郭隗曰：“古之人君有以千金使涓人求千里马者，马已死，买其首五百金而返。君大怒，涓人曰‘死马且买之，况生者乎！马今至矣。’不期年，千里之马至者三。今王必欲致士，先从隗始，况贤于隗者，岂远千里哉！”于是昭王为隗改筑宫而师事之。于是士争趣燕：乐毅自魏往，剧辛自赵往。昭王以乐毅为亚卿，任以国政。","translated":"[2]燕国贵族共同推举太子姬平为燕昭王。昭王是在燕国被齐国攻破后即位的，他凭吊死者，探访贫孤，与百姓同甘共苦。自己纡尊降贵，用重金来招募人才。他问郭隗：“齐国乘我们的内乱而攻破燕国，我深知燕国国小力少，不足以报仇。然而招揽贤士与他们共商国是，以雪先王的耻辱，始终是我的愿望。先生您如果见到合适人才，我一定亲自服侍他。”郭隗说：“古时候有个君主派一个负责洒扫的涓人用千金去购求千里马，那个人找到一匹已死的千里马，用五百金买下马头带回。君主大怒，涓人解释说：‘死马您还买，何况活的呢！天下人知道了，好马就会送上来的。’不到一年，果然得到了三匹千里马。现在大王您打算招致人才，就请先从我郭隗开始，比我贤良的人，都会不远千里前来的。”于是燕昭王为郭隗翻建府第，尊他为老师。各地的贤士果然争相来到燕国：乐毅从魏国来，剧辛从赵国来。昭王奉乐毅为亚卿高位，委托以国家大事。"},"3-9-2":{"original":"[3]韩宣惠王薨，子襄王仓立。","translated":"[3]韩国韩宣惠王去世，其子韩仓即位为韩襄王。"},"4-1-0":{"original":"[1]楚怀王亡归。秦人觉之，遮楚道。怀王从间道走赵。赵主父在代，赵人不敢受。怀王将走魏，秦人追及之，以归。","translated":"[1]楚怀王逃脱看守，被秦国人发现，封锁通往楚国的道路。楚怀王从小路逃到了赵国，正逢赵主父外出在代郡，赵国官员不敢作主收留他。楚怀王又想逃奔魏国，却被秦国人追上，抓回秦国。"},"4-1-1":{"original":"[2]鲁平公薨，子缗公贾立。","translated":"[2]鲁国鲁平公去世，其子姬贾即位为鲁缗公。"},"4-10-0":{"original":"[1]冬，十月，秦王称西帝，遣使立齐王为东帝，欲约与共伐赵。苏代自燕来，齐王曰：“秦使魏冉致帝，子以为何如？”对曰：“愿王受之而勿称也。秦称之，天下安之，王乃称之，无后也。秦称之，天下恶之，王因勿称，以收天下，此大资也。且伐赵孰与伐桀宋利？今王不如释帝以收天下之望，发兵以伐桀宋，宋举则楚、赵、梁、卫皆惧矣。是我以名尊秦而令天下憎之，所谓以卑为尊也。”齐王从之，称帝二日而复归之。十二月，吕礼自齐入秦。秦王亦去帝，复称王。","translated":"[1]冬季，十月，秦王自称西帝，派使者建议齐王立为东帝，想约定两国共同进攻赵国。苏代从燕国前来，齐王便问他：“秦国派魏冉来劝我帝，你的意见如何？”苏代回答说：“我建议大王先予以接受，但暂时不称帝。秦王称帝后，天下如果不表示反对，大王再称帝，也不算晚。秦王 称帝如果遭到天下指责，大王就不再称帝，趁势收买天下人心，这是个大资本。况且进攻赵国与进攻有夏桀恶名的宋国，哪个有利呢？现在大王不如暂时放弃帝号以使天下归心，然后发兵讨伐‘桀宋’，征服宋国后，楚国、赵国、魏国、卫国都会恐崐惧臣服。这样，我们名义上尊重秦国而让天下去憎恨它，正是齐国反卑为尊的计策。”齐王采纳了他的建议，只称帝两天便放弃了。十二月，吕礼从齐国到秦国，秦王也去掉帝号，仍旧称王。"},"4-10-1":{"original":"[2]秦攻赵，拔杜阳。","translated":"[2]秦国攻打赵国，攻克杜阳。"},"4-11-0":{"original":"[1]秦攻赵，拔新垣、曲阳。","translated":"[1]秦国攻打赵国，夺取新垣、曲阳。"},"4-12-0":{"original":"[1]秦司马错击魏河内。魏献安邑以和，秦出其人归之魏。","translated":"[1]秦国派司马错攻击魏国河内，魏国献出安邑求和，秦国将城内人民驱赶回魏国。"},"4-12-1":{"original":"[2]秦败韩师于夏山。","translated":"[2]秦国在夏山打败韩国军队。"},"4-12-2":{"original":"[3]宋有雀山于城之陬。史占之曰：“吉。小而生巨，必霸天下。”宋康王喜，起兵灭滕，伐薛，东败齐，取五城，南败楚，取地三百里，西败魏军，与齐、魏为敌国，乃愈自信其霸。欲霸之亟成，故射天笞地，斩社稷而焚灭之，以示威服鬼神。为长夜之饮于室中，室中人呼万岁，则堂上之人应之，堂下之人又应之，门外之人又应之，以至于国中，无敢不呼万岁者。天下之人谓之“桀宋”。齐王起兵伐之，民散，城不守，宋王奔魏，死于温。","translated":"[3]宋国发生雀鸟在城边生下鹞鹰的怪事，太史卜了一卦，说：“吉利。小而生大，必霸天下。”宋康王大喜，起兵灭掉滕国，攻占薛地，向东击败齐国，夺取五座城，向南战胜楚国，占地方圆三百里，向西打垮魏军，宋国一时成为可与齐国、魏国相匹敌的国家，宋康王对成就霸业更加自信。他想早日完成霸业，便射天鞭地，砍倒神坛后烧毁，以表示自己的声威可以镇慑鬼神。他在宫室中整夜饮酒，令室中的人齐声高呼万岁，大堂上的人闻声响应，堂下的人接着响应，门外的人又继续响应，以至于国中没有人敢不呼万岁。天下的人都咒骂他是“桀宋”。齐王趁机起兵征伐宋国，人民四下逃散，弃城不守。宋王只好逃往魏国，死于温地。"},"4-13-0":{"original":"[1]秦王会楚王于宛，会赵王于中阳。","translated":"[1]秦王与楚王在宛相会，与赵王在中阳相会。"},"4-13-1":{"original":"[2]秦蒙武击齐，拔九城。","translated":"[2]秦国派蒙武攻击齐国，夺取九座城。"},"4-13-2":{"original":"[3]齐王既灭宋而骄，乃南侵楚，西侵三晋，欲并二周，为天子。狐正议，斫之檀衢。陈举直言，杀之东闾。","translated":"[3]齐王灭掉宋国后十分骄傲，便向南侵入楚国，向西攻打赵、魏、韩国，想吞并东西二周，自立为天子。狐义正辞严地劝谏他，被斩首于檀台大路上。陈举直言不讳地劝止，被杀死在东门。"},"4-13-3":{"original":"燕昭王日夜抚循其人，益以富实，乃与乐毅谋伐齐。乐毅曰：“齐，霸国之馀业也，地大人众，未易独攻也。王必欲伐之，莫如约赵及楚、魏。”于是使乐毅约赵，别使使者连楚、魏，且令赵啖秦以伐齐之利。诸侯害齐王之骄暴，皆争合谋与燕伐齐。","translated":"燕昭王却日夜安抚教导百姓，使燕国更加富足，于是他与乐毅商议进攻齐国。乐毅说：“齐国称霸以来，至今有余力，地广人多，我们独力攻打不易。大王一定要讨伐它，不如联合赵国及楚、魏三国。”燕王便派乐毅约定赵国，另派使者联系楚国、魏国，再让赵国用讨伐齐国的好处引诱秦国。各国苦于齐王的骄横暴虐，都争相赞成参加燕国的攻齐战争。"},"4-14-0":{"original":"[1]燕王悉起兵，以乐毅为上将军。秦尉斯离帅师与三晋之师会之。赵王以相国印授乐毅，乐毅并将秦、魏、韩、赵之兵以伐齐。齐王悉国中之众以崐拒之，战于济西，齐师大败。乐毅还秦、韩之师，分魏师以略宋地，部赵师以收河间。身率燕师，长驱逐北。剧辛曰：“齐大而燕小，赖诸侯之助以破其军，宜及时攻取其边城以自益，此长久之利也。今过而不攻，以深入为名，无损于齐，无益于燕而结深怨，后必悔之。”乐毅曰：“齐王伐功矜能，谋不逮下，废黜贤良，信任谄谀，政令戾虐，百姓怨怼。今军皆破亡，若因而乘之，其民必叛，祸乱内作，则齐可图也。若不遂乘之，待彼悔前之非，改过恤下而抚其民，则难虑也。”遂进军深入。齐人果大乱失度，王出走。乐毅入临淄，取宝物、祭器，输之于燕。燕王亲至济上劳军，行赏飨士；封乐毅为昌国君，遂使留徇齐城之未下者。","translated":"[1]燕王调动全部兵力，以乐毅为上将军。秦国尉斯离率军队与韩、赵、魏联军也前来会合。赵王把相国大印授给乐毅，乐毅统一指挥秦、魏、韩、赵大军发动进攻。齐王集中国内全部人力进行抵御，双方在济水西岸大战。齐国军队大败。乐毅便退回秦国、韩国军队，令魏国军队分兵进攻宋国旧地，布署赵国军队去收复河间。自己率领燕军，由北长驱直入齐国。剧辛劝说道：“齐国大，燕国小，依靠各国的帮助我们才打败齐军，应该及时地攻取边境城市充实燕国领土，这才是长久的利益。现在大军过城不攻，一味深入，既无损于齐国又无益于燕国，只能结下深怨，日后必定要后悔。”乐毅说：“齐王好大喜功，刚愎自用，不与下属商议，又罢黜贤良人士，专门信任谀谄小人，政令贪虐暴戾，百姓十分怨愤。现在齐国军队已溃不成军，如果我们乘胜追击，齐国百姓必然反叛，内部发生动乱，齐国就可以收拾了。如果不抓住时机，等到齐王痛改前非，体贴臣下而抚恤百姓，我们就难办了。”于是下令进军深入齐国。齐国果然大乱，失去常度，齐王出逃。乐毅率军进入齐都临淄，搜刮宝物和祭祀重器，运回燕国。燕王亲自到济水上游去慰劳军队，颁行奖赏，犒劳将士；燕王封乐为昌国君，让他留在齐国进攻其余未克的城市。"},"4-14-1":{"original":"齐王出亡之卫，卫君辟宫舍之，称臣而共具。齐王不逊，卫人侵之。齐王去奔邹、鲁，有骄色；邹、鲁弗内，遂走莒。楚使淖齿将兵救齐，因为齐相。淖齿欲与燕分齐地，乃执王而数之曰：“千乘、博昌之间，方数百里，雨血沾衣，王知之乎？”曰：“知之。”“嬴、博之间，地坼及泉，王知之乎？”曰：“知之。”“有人当阙而哭者，求之不得，去则闻其声，王知之乎？”曰：“知之。”淖齿曰：“天雨血沾衣者，天以告也；地坼及泉者，地以告也；有人当阙而哭者，人以告也。天、地、人皆告矣，而王不知诫焉，何得无诛！”遂弑王于鼓里。","translated":"齐王出逃到卫国，卫国国君让出宫殿给他居住，向他称臣并供给日常用度。齐王却傲慢不逊，卫国人气愤地攻击他，齐王又出奔到邹、鲁国，仍旧面有骄色；邹、鲁两地闭门不纳，齐王又出奔莒地。楚国派淖齿率军前来救援齐王，被任命为齐相。淖齿却想与燕国瓜分齐国，于是抓住齐王数说他的罪过：“千乘、博昌之间的方圆几百里地，下血雨浸湿衣服，你齐王知道吗？”齐王回答：“知道。”“嬴、博之间，大地崩塌，泉水上涌，你齐王知道吗？”回答：“知道。”“有人堵着宫门哭泣，却不见人影，离开时又音响可闻，齐王你知道吗？”回答：“知道。”淖齿说：“天降血雨，是上天警告你；地崩泉涌，是大地警告你；人堵着宫门哭，是人心在警告你。天、地、人都警告，而你却不知改悔，你还想不死吗！”于是在鼓里这个地方将齐王处死。"},"4-14-2":{"original":"荀子论之曰：国者，天下之利势也。得道以持之，则大安也，大荣也，积美之源也。不得道以持之，则大危也，大累也，有之不如无之；及其綦也，索为匹夫，不可得也。齐、宋献是也。","translated":"荀况论之曰：国家，集中了天下的利益和权势。有道行的人主持，可以得到大的安乐，大的荣耀，成为幸福的源泉。无道行的人主持，却带来大的危险，大的拖累，有君王的地位还不如没有；等到形势极度恶化，他即使想当一个普通老百姓，也做不到了。齐王、宋康王便是如此。"},"4-14-3":{"original":"故用国者义立而王，信立而霸，权谋立而亡。","translated":"所以治理国家的君主如果提倡礼义，就可以称王，树立信誉就可以称霸，玩弄权术则必然灭亡。"},"4-14-4":{"original":"挈国以呼礼义，而无以害之。行一不义，杀一无罪，而得天下，仁者不为也。然扶持心国，且若是其固也。之所与为之者之人，则举义士也。之所以为布陈于国家刑法者，则举义法也。主之所极然，帅群臣而首响之者，则举崐义志也。如是，则下仰上以义矣，是基定也。基定而国定，国定而天下定。故曰：以国济义，一日而白，汤、武是也。是所谓义立而王也。","translated":"领导国家提倡礼义，就无人可以加害于他。即使做一件坏事、杀一个无辜的人便可以得到天下，仁爱的人也不会去干。君主守定意志，维护国家，坚如磐石，以此礼待他人，就可以产生众多的仁人志士。以此条陈布置国家刑事法律，就可以制定出良好的法律。君主极力如此主张，再率领群臣以身作则，就可以树立起礼义的风尚。这样，属下能够以礼义纲常尊崇上司，统治基础就稳定了，基础稳定国家便安定，国家安定则天下平定。因此说：用国家的权力推行礼义，一天就可以做到众人皆知，商汤王、周武王便是如此，即所谓的以提倡礼义而称王。"},"4-14-5":{"original":"德虽未至也，义虽未济也，然而天下之理略奏矣，刑赏已诺信于天下矣，臣下晓然皆知其可要也。政令已陈，虽睹利败，不欺其民；约结已定，虽睹利败，不欺具与；如是，则兵劲城固，敌国畏之；国一綦明，与国信之；虽在僻陋之国，威动天下，五伯是也。是所谓信立而霸也。","translated":"即使道德还未达到完美，礼义也没有做到完善，然而已经可以掌握治理天下的大致条理。做到赏罚分明，取得天下的信任，使臣属清楚地看到它的重要性。政令一经颁布，不管成功还是失败，都不欺骗百姓；条约已经缔结，不管有利还是无利，都不欺骗合作的邻国。这样，才能军队强劲，城池坚固，使敌对国家畏惧。国家的方针一贯而明确，友邦就予以信任。即使是偏僻的小国，也可以威震天下。春秋时期的齐、晋、宋、秦、楚五霸主便是如此，即所谓的以树立信誉而称霸。"},"4-14-6":{"original":"挈国以呼功利，不务张其义，齐其信，唯利之求；内则不惮诈其民而求小利焉，外则不惮诈其与而求大利焉。内不修正其所以有，然常欲人之有，如是，则臣下百姓莫不以诈心待其上矣。上诈其下，下诈其上，则是上下析也。如是，则敌国轻之，与国疑之，权谋日行而国不免危削，綦之而亡，齐、薛公是也。故用强齐，非以修礼义也，非以本政教也，非以一天下也，绵绵常以结引驰外为务。故强，南足以破楚，西足以诎秦，北足以败燕，中足以举宋，及以燕、赵起而攻之，若振槁然，而身死国亡，为天下大戮，后世言恶则必稽焉。是无他故焉，唯其不由礼义而由权谋也。","translated":"带领国家追逐功利，不申张正义，不遵守信用，唯利是图；对内不惜为 了一点小利去欺骗人民，对外为了追求大的利益不怕欺骗友邦。对内不好好治理自己已有的东西，却常常觊觎别人的成果。这样，臣下百姓就无不以奸诈之心对待上司。上欺下，下瞒上，于是上下关系分崩离析。这样，便使敌对国家轻视，友好国家不信任，权术泛滥而国家日益削弱，走向极端，终于灭亡，齐王、孟尝君便是如此。齐王要强大齐国，不去提倡礼义，不去修明政治，不去统一天下的思想，只是成年累月地骑马在外面征战。所以齐国强大的时候，向南能够打败楚国，向西能够逼迫秦国，向北可以战胜燕国，在中原能够征服宋国。然而燕国、赵国一旦群起而攻齐，便如摧枯拉朽。齐王身死国亡，成为天下共同声讨的对象，后世提起暴君总要举他为例。这不是别的原因，就是因为他不崇尚礼义而沉溺权术。"},"4-14-7":{"original":"三者，明主之所谨择也，仁人之所务白也。善择者制人，不善择者人制之。","translated":"以上三种，贤明的君王必须慎重地加以抉择，仁人志士必须认真地予以辨明。善于抉择的人可以控制别人，不善于抉择的人则被别人控制。"},"4-14-8":{"original":"[2]乐毅闻昼邑人王贤，令军中环昼邑三十里无入。使人请，谢不往。燕人曰：“不来，吾且屠昼邑！”曰：“忠臣不事二君，烈女不更二夫。国破君亡，吾不能存，而又欲劫之以兵；吾与其不义而生，不若死！”遂经其颈于树枝，自奋绝而死。燕师乘胜长驱，齐城皆望风奔溃。乐毅修整燕军。禁止侵掠，求齐之逸民，显而礼之。宽其赋敛，除其暴令，修其旧政，齐民喜悦。乃遣左军渡胶东、东莱；前军循泰山以东至海，略琅邪；右军循河、济，屯阿、鄄以连魏师；后军旁北海以抚千乘：中军据临淄而镇齐都。祀桓公、管仲于郊，表贤者之闾，封王之墓。齐人食邑于燕者二十馀君，有爵位于蓟者百有馀人。六月之间，下齐七十馀城，皆为郡县。","translated":"[2]乐毅听说昼邑人王贤良，下令围绕昼邑三十里周围不得进入军队，又派人请王，王辞谢不去。燕国人威胁说：“你要是不来，我们就在昼邑屠城！”王叹息说：“忠臣不事二君，烈女不更二夫。国破君亡，我不能使崐之保存，而自身又被燕人逼迫，我与其苟且偷生，不如一死！”于是把脖子系在树枝上，纵身一跃，自尽而死。燕国军队乘胜长驱直入，齐国大小城市望风崩溃。乐毅整肃燕军纪律，禁止侵掠，寻访齐国的隐士高人，致以荣誉礼待。还放宽人民赋税，革除苛刻的法令，恢复齐国旧的良好传统，齐国人民都十分喜悦。乐毅于是调左军在胶东东莱渡过胶水；前军沿泰山脚下向东到达渤海，进攻琅邪；右军循着黄河、济水而下，屯扎在东阿、鄄城，与魏国军队相连；后军沿北海镇抚千乘，中军占据临淄，镇守齐国国都。他还亲至城郊祭祀齐桓公、管仲，表彰齐国的贤良人才，赐封修治王的陵墓。经过收敛人心，齐国人接受燕国所封君号、领取俸禄的有二十余人；接受燕国爵位的有一百多人。六个月之内，燕军攻下齐国七十余座城，都设立郡县治理。"},"4-14-9":{"original":"[3]秦王、魏王、韩王会于京师。","translated":"[3]秦王、魏王、韩王在周朝京师相会。"},"4-15-0":{"original":"[1]秦、赵会于穰。秦拔魏安城，兵至大梁而还。","translated":"[1]秦国、赵国在穰地举行会议。秦国攻克魏国安城，一直打到魏国首都大梁才退回。"},"4-15-1":{"original":"[2]齐淖齿之乱，王子法章变姓名为莒太史敫家佣。太史敫女奇法章状貌，以为非常人，怜而常窃衣食之，因与私通。王孙贾从王，失王之处，其母曰：“汝朝出而晚来，则吾倚门而望；汝暮出而不还，则吾倚门而望。汝今事王，王走，汝不知其处，汝尚何归焉！”王孙贾乃入市呼曰：“淖齿乱齐国，杀王。欲与我诛之者袒右！”市人从者四百人，与攻淖齿，杀之。于是齐亡臣相与求王子，欲立之。法章惧其诛己，久之乃敢自言，遂立以为齐王，保莒城以拒燕，布告国中曰：“王已立在莒矣！”","translated":"[2]齐国发生淖齿杀王之乱时，齐王的儿子田法章改名易姓躲到莒地太史敫家做雇工。太史敫的女儿惊奇田法章的像貌伟岸，认为不是普通人的气质，便可怜他，常常私下送给他衣服和食物，久而久之，两人已暗中结为夫妻。王孙贾是齐王的随臣，乱中找不到主子的下落，他的母亲说：“你早出晚归，我倚着大门盼望；你夜出不回，我靠着街门等待。你如今服侍君王，君王离开了，你却不知道他的下落，你还回来做什么！”王孙贾便来到集市振臂高呼：“淖齿搞乱齐国，杀害王。愿意和我一起去干掉他的就把右臂伸出来！”集市上的人有四百多人随他前去攻击淖齿，把他杀掉了。于是齐国的大臣们四下搜寻齐王的儿子，想立他为王。田法章害怕人们加害自己，过了很久才敢自己说明身份，于是大家拥立他为齐王，坚守莒城以抵抗燕军。在全国宣布：“齐王已经在莒地即位了！”"},"4-15-2":{"original":"[3]赵王得楚和氏璧，秦昭王欲之，请易以十五城。赵王欲勿与，畏秦强；欲与之，恐见欺。以问蔺相如，对曰：“秦以城求璧而王不许，曲在我矣。我与之璧而秦不与我城，则曲在秦。均之二策，宁许以负秦。臣愿奉璧而往；使秦城不入，臣请完璧而归之！”赵王遣之。相如至秦，秦王无意偿赵城。相如乃以诈绐秦王，复取璧，遣从者怀之，间行归赵，而以身待命于秦。秦王以为贤而弗诛，礼而归之。赵王以相如为上大夫。","translated":"[3]赵王得到楚国宝玉和氏璧，秦昭王想要，愿意用十五座城来交换。赵王想不给他，又畏惧秦国的强大；给他，又怕被秦王欺骗。便征求蔺相如的意见。蔺相如回答说：“秦国用城来换宝玉而大王不允许，是我们理屈。而我们给他宝玉，他不给我们城，是秦国理屈。衡量两种办法，我看宁可让秦国在道义上有负于我们。我愿护持宝玉前去，假如秦国不交出城来，我一定能完璧归赵。”赵王便派他前往。蔺相如到了秦国，看出秦王并无真意用城来换赵国的宝玉，就哄骗秦王，取回和氏璧，派随从藏在怀中，从小道潜回赵国，而他自己留下来听任秦王的处置。无奈之际，秦王只好称赞蔺相如的贤能，不但不杀他，反而以礼相待，送他回国。蔺相如回到赵国，赵王封他为上大夫。"},"4-15-3":{"original":"[4]卫嗣君薨，子怀君立。嗣君好察微隐，县令有发褥而席弊者，嗣君闻之，乃赐之席。令大惊，以君为神。又使人过关市，赂之以金，既而召关市，问有客过与汝金，汝回遣之；关市大恐。又爱泄姬，重如耳，而恐其因爱重以壅己也，乃贵薄疑以敌如耳，尊魏妃以偶泄姬，曰：“以是相参也。”","translated":"[4]卫国卫嗣君去世，其子即位为卫怀君。卫嗣君在位时喜好侦察别人的崐隐私。有个县令曾掀开褥子，露出下面的破席子。卫嗣君听说了，便赏赐给他一领新席。县令大惊，以为国君liào事如神。卫嗣君还曾派人经过关卡，用金钱贿赂掌关的官员。事后把掌关官员召来，指令说有客人过关时给了你金了，你快退回去。掌关官员十分惊恐。卫嗣君还宠爱泄姬，器重臣子如耳，但又怕这两人因受到宠爱器重而敢于欺瞒自己，于是提升另一个臣子薄疑来与如耳匹敌，尊崇魏妃来与泄姬分庭抗礼，说：“以此可互相参列比较。”"},"4-15-4":{"original":"荀子论之曰：成侯、嗣君，聚敛计数之君也，未及取民也。子产，取民者也，未及为政也。管仲，为政者也，未及修礼也。故修礼者王，为政者强，取民者安，聚敛者亡。","translated":"荀况论曰：卫成侯和卫嗣君，都是斤斤计较的小器量国君，没有做到招揽民心。郑国大臣子产，能招揽民心，但没有做到为政精明。齐国大臣管仲，能为政精明，但没有做到倡导礼义。由此而见，倡导礼义的人才能称王，治政精明的人可以使国家富强，招揽民心的人可以使国家安定，而搜刮者只能灭亡。"},"4-16-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐赵，拔两城。","translated":"[1]秦国攻打赵国，夺取两座城。"},"4-17-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐赵，拔石城。","translated":"[1]秦国又攻打赵国，夺取石城。"},"4-17-1":{"original":"[2]秦穰侯复为丞相。","translated":"[2]秦穰侯魏冉再任丞相。"},"4-17-2":{"original":"[3]楚欲与齐、韩共伐秦，因欲图周。王使东周武公谓楚令尹昭子曰：“周不可图也。”昭子曰：“乃图周，则无之；虽然，何不可图？”武公曰：“西周之 地，绝长补短，不过百里。名为天下共主，裂其地不足以肥国，得其众不足以劲兵。虽然，攻之者名为弑君。然而犹有欲攻之者，见祭器在焉故也。夫虎肉臊而兵利身，人犹攻之；若使泽中之麋蒙虎之皮，人之攻之也必万倍矣。裂楚之地，足以肥国，诎楚之名，足以尊王。今子欲诛残天下之共主，居三代之传器，器南，则兵至矣！”于是楚计辍不行。","translated":"[3]楚国想联合齐国、韩国共同进攻秦国，顺便灭掉周王朝。周王派东周的武公对楚国任令尹职的昭子说：“周朝可不能算计。”昭子说：“要说算计周朝，那是没有的事。尽管如此，我想问你，周朝为什么不能灭掉？”武公回答：“西周现在的地盘，取长补短，也不过方圆一百里。抢占这块地方并不足以使哪个国家富强，得到那里的百姓也不足以壮大军队。但西周却有天下共同拥戴的宗主名义，谁攻打它，谁就是犯上作乱。尽管如此，还是有人想去攻占它，是何原因呢？就是因为古代传下来的祭祀重器在那里。老虎的肉腥臊而又有尖牙利爪，仍有人猎取它；山林中的麋鹿没有爪牙之利，假如再给它披上一张诱人的虎皮，人们猎取它的欲望一定会增加万倍。楚国的情形正是这样，分割楚国的领土，足以使自己富庶；讨伐楚国的名义，又足以有尊崇周王室的声名。楚国要是残害了天下共同拥戴的周王朝，占有了夏、商、周三代相传的礼器，你刚把礼器运回南方，各国证讨的大兵也就到了！”令尹昭子觉得言之有理，于是放弃了楚国原来的打算。"},"4-18-0":{"original":"[１]秦白起败赵军，斩首二万，取代光狼城。又使司马错发陇西兵，因蜀攻楚黔中，拔之。楚献汉北及上庸地。","translated":"[１]秦国大将白起打败赵国军队，杀死二万人，夺取代地光狼城。秦国又派司马错调动陇西军队，从蜀地进攻楚国黔中郡，予以攻占。楚国被迫献出汉水以北及上庸地方。"},"4-19-0":{"original":"[1]秦白起伐楚，取鄢、邓、西陵。","translated":"[1]秦国大将白起攻打楚国，占领鄢、邓、西陵等地。"},"4-19-1":{"original":"[2]秦王使使者告赵王，愿为好会于河外渑池。赵王欲毋行，廉颇、蔺相崐如计曰：“王不行，示赵弱且怯也。”赵王遂行，相如从。廉颇送至境，与王诀曰：“王行，度道里会遇之礼毕，还不过三十日；三十日不还，则请立太子以绝秦望。”王许之。","translated":"[2]秦王派使者通知赵王，愿意在黄河外的渑池和好相会。赵王不想赴会，廉颇、蔺相如建议说：“大王若是不去，就显得赵国懦弱而又胆怯。”赵王于是决定前往，由蔺相如随行。廉颇送到边境，与赵王告别时说：“大王此行，估计加上路程时间，到会议仪式全部结束，不超过三十天就会回来，如果超过三十天您还没有回来，请允许我们立太子为赵王，以断绝秦国的要挟念头。”赵王同意。"},"4-19-10":{"original":"田单任貂勃于王。王有所幸臣九人，欲伤安平君，相与语于王曰：“燕之伐齐之时，楚王使将军将万人而佐齐。今国已定而社稷已安矣，何不使使者谢于楚王？”王曰：“左右孰可？”九人之属曰：“貂勃可。”貂勃使楚，楚王受而觞之，数月不反。九人之属相与语曰：“夫一人之身而牵留万乘者，岂不以据势也哉！且安平君之与王也，君臣无异而上下无别。且其志欲为不善，内抚百姓，外怀戎翟，礼天下之贤士，其志欲有为，愿王察之！”异日，王曰：“召相单而来！”田单免冠、徒跣、肉袒而进，退而请死罪，五日而王曰：“子无罪于寡人。子为子之臣礼，吾为吾之王礼而已矣。”貂勃从楚来，王赐之酒。酒酣，王曰：“召相单而来！”貂勃避席稽首曰：“王上者孰与周文王？”王曰：“吾不若也。”貂勃曰：“然，臣固知王不若也。下者孰与齐桓公？”王曰：“吾不若也。”貂勃曰：“然，臣固知王不若也。然则周文王得吕尚以为太公，齐桓公得管夷吾以为仲父，今王得安平君而独曰‘单’，安得此亡国之言乎！且自天地之辟，民人之始，为人臣之功者，谁有厚于安平君者哉？王不能守王之社稷，燕人兴师而袭齐，王走而之城阳之山中，安平君以惴惴即墨三里之城，五里之郭，敝卒七千人，禽其司马而反千里之齐，安平君之功也。当是之时，舍城阳而自王，天下莫之能止。然而计之于道，归之于义，以为不可，故栈道木阁而迎王与后于城阳山中，王乃得反，子临百姓。今国已定，民已安矣，王乃曰‘单’，婴儿之计不为此也。王亟杀此九子者以谢安平君；不然，国其危矣！”乃杀九子而逐其家，益封安平君以夜邑万户。","translated":"田单向齐王推荐貂勃。齐王的九个宠幸臣子都想中伤田单。争相对齐王说：“燕国攻打齐国时，楚王曾派将军率一万军队来帮助齐国。现在齐国已经安定，社会也日趋稳固，何不派使者前去楚国道谢？”齐王问：“左右的人谁合适？”九个人都说：“貂勃可以。”貂勃出使楚国，楚王予以热情款待，几个月不放他回去。九个人又一齐对齐王说：“以貂勃一个人的地位能受到万乘车马的楚国重视，难道不是倚仗了田单的权势吗！田单与大王之间，不分君臣上下，况且他心怀不良之志，对内安抚百姓，对外关怀狄族，礼待天下的贤良人才，他的志向是想大有作为，希望大王明察！”过了几天，齐王喝道：“召国相田单来！”田单非常惊恐，摘下帽子，光着脚，赤裸上身前来，退下时请齐王治他的死罪。过了五天，齐王却说：“你没有得罪我。只不过要你行你臣子的礼节，我守我君王的礼节而已。”貂勃从楚国回来，齐王赐宴招待。饮到兴头上，齐王又喝道：“召国相田单来！”貂勃离开座位下拜说：“大王上比周文王如何？”齐王回答：“我不如。”貂勃说：“是的，我本知道大王不如崐。那么下比齐桓公如何？”齐王回答：“我也不如。”貂勃又说：“是的，我也知道大王不如。然而周文王得到吕尚，尊为太公；齐桓公得到管仲，敬为仲父。现在大王您得到安平君田单，却直呼‘田单’，怎么能说这种亡国的话呢？何况自开天辟地，有人民起，做臣子的功劳，谁能比安平君更高？当年大王不能承守祖业，在燕国起兵袭击齐国时，大王逃到城阳的山里，安平君以人心危恐的即墨方圆三五里城郭，疲惫不堪的七千名士兵，力擒敌军大将，收复齐国千里领土，这些都是安平君的功劳呀！如果当时他置城阳的大王不顾，自立为王，天下没有谁能阻止。然而他从道德礼义考虑，认为坚决不能那样做，所以修筑栈道木阁前去城阳山中迎接大王和王后，大王您才能得以回归，治理百姓子民。现在国家已经稳定，人民已经安宁，大王却‘田单、田单’地叫，小孩子也知道不该这样做。大王您赶快杀掉那九个家伙向安平君谢罪；不然，国家就危险了！”齐王听从指责，杀掉了那九个幸臣并流放其家族，加封给安平君掖邑地方的一万户俸禄收入。"},"4-19-11":{"original":"田单将攻狄，往见鲁仲连。鲁仲连曰：“将军攻狄，不能下也。”田单曰：“臣以即墨破亡馀卒破万乘之燕，复齐之墟，今攻狄而不下，何也？”上车弗谢而去，遂攻狄。三月不克。齐小儿谣曰：“大冠若箕，修剑拄颐，攻狄不能下，垒枯骨成丘。”田单乃惧，问鲁仲连曰：“先生谓单不能下狄，请闻其说。”鲁仲连曰：“将军之在即墨，坐则织蒉，立则仗锸，为士卒倡曰：‘无可往矣！宗庙亡矣！今日尚矣！归于何党矣！’当此之时，将军有死之心，士卒无生之气，闻君言莫不挥泣奋臂而欲战，此所以破燕也。当今将军东有夜邑之奉，西有淄上之娱，黄金横带而骋乎淄、渑之间，有生之乐，无死之心，所以不胜也。”田单曰：“单之有心，先生志之矣。”明日，乃厉气循城，立于矢石之所，援鼓之；狄人乃下。","translated":"田单准备攻打狄族，前去见鲁仲连，鲁仲连说：“将军您去攻狄，恐怕攻不下来。”田单说：“当年我以即墨的残兵败将击破拥有万乘战车的燕军，光复齐国沦亡土地；现在会攻不下狄族，有什么道理？”上车扬长而去。于是田单率军进攻狄族，三个月也未能攻克。齐国小孩子在歌谣中讥讽唱道：“大冠像簸箕，长剑撑面皮，攻狄不能下，枯骨垒成丘。”田单开始惊惧起来，又去问鲁仲连：“先生早日说我攻不下狄族，请让我知道原因。”鲁仲连说：“将军在即墨的时候，坐着，手编草鞋；站着，手拿铁锹；带领士兵们唱歌道：‘无可往矣！宗庙亡矣！今日有没有救，看我们有没有胆！’当时，将军有战死的决心，士兵无偷生的念头，听见您的号召无不挥泪奋臂，决一死战，所以才能打败燕军。现在将军您东面有掖邑丰厚的俸禄，西边有淄上封地的游乐，腰系黄金带，驰骋于淄水、渑水之间，有的只是生活的乐趣，而无战死之心，所 以无法取胜啊！”田单说：“我田单有这样的决心，是先生您为我下的。”第二天，他振奋精神，亲临城下，站在箭雨弹雹之中，手持鼓捶，击鼓进军，于是攻克了狄族大营。"},"4-19-12":{"original":"初，齐王既灭宋，欲去孟尝君。孟尝君奔魏，魏昭王以为相，与诸侯共伐破齐。王死，襄王复国，而孟尝君中立为诸侯，无所属。襄王新立，畏孟尝君，与之连和。孟尝君卒，诸子争立，而齐、魏共灭薛，孟尝君绝嗣。","translated":"起初，齐王灭掉宋国以后，想驱逐在薛地的孟尝君，孟尝君便投奔魏国，魏昭王任用他为国相，与各国联合攻破齐国，齐王死后，齐襄王光复国土，而孟尝君独立于各国之间，无所依属。齐襄王因为新即位，害怕孟尝君，便与他和好。孟尝君死后，几个儿子争夺权力，齐国、魏国趁机共同灭掉薛地，于是孟尝君断了后代。"},"4-19-2":{"original":"会于渑池。王与赵王饮，酒酣，秦王请赵王鼓瑟，赵王鼓之。蔺相如复请秦王击缶，秦王不肯。相如曰：“五步之内，臣请得以颈血溅大王矣！”左右欲刃相如，相如张目叱之，左右皆靡。王不怿，为一击缶。罢酒，秦终不能有加于赵；赵人亦盛为之备，秦不敢动。赵王归国，以蔺相如为上卿，位在廉颇之右。","translated":"渑池相会，秦王与赵王饮酒。酒兴之间，秦王请赵王表演鼓瑟，赵王便演奏了。蔺相如也请秦王表演敲击瓦盆的音乐，秦王却不肯。蔺相如厉色说道：“在五步之内，我就可以血溅大王！”秦王左右卫士想上前杀死蔺相如，蔺相如怒目喝斥，左右人都畏缩不敢行动。秦王只好非常不情愿地敲了一下瓦盆。直到酒宴结束，秦国始终不能对赵国加以非分之求。再加上赵国人也早有军队戒备，秦国到底没敢轻举妄动。赵王回国，加封蔺相如为上卿之职，地位在大将廉颇之上。"},"4-19-3":{"original":"廉颇曰：“我为赵将，有攻城野战之功。蔺相如素贱人，徒以口舌而位居 我上，吾羞，不忍为之下！”宣言曰。“我见相如，必辱之！”相如闻之，不肯与会；每朝，常称病，不欲争列。出而望见，辄引车避匿。其舍人皆以为耻。相如曰：“子视廉将军孰与秦王？”曰：“不若。”相如曰：“夫以秦王之威而相如廷叱之，辱其群臣；相如虽驽，独畏廉将军哉！顾吾念之，强秦所以不敢加兵于赵者，徒以吾两人在也。今两虎共斗，其势不俱生。吾所以为此者，先国家之急而后私雠也！”廉颇闻之，肉袒负荆至门谢罪，遂为刎颈之交。","translated":"廉颇不满地说：“我作为赵国大将，有攻城野战之功，蔺相如原不过是下层小民，只以能说善辩而位居我之上，我实在感到羞耻，忍不下这口气！”便宣称：“我遇到蔺相如，一定要羞辱他一番！”蔺相如听说后，不愿意和他遇见。每逢上朝，常常称病，不和廉颇去争排列顺序。出门在外，远远望见廉颇的车驾，便令自己的车回避。蔺相如的门客下属都感到十分羞耻。蔺相如对他们说：“你们看廉将军的威严比得上秦王吗？”回答都说：“比不上。”蔺相如说：“面对秦王那么大的威势，我都敢在他的朝廷上叱责他，羞辱他的群臣，我虽然无能，难道单单怕廉将军吗！我是考虑到：强暴的秦国之所以还不敢大举进犯赵国，就是因为我和廉将军在。我们两虎相争，必有一伤。我所以避让，是先考虑到国家的利益而后才去想个人的私怨啊！”廉颇听说了这番话十分惭愧，便赤裸着上身到蔺相如府上来负荆请罪，两人从此结为生死之交。"},"4-19-4":{"original":"[3]初，燕人攻安平，临淄市掾田单在安平，使其宗人皆以铁笼傅车。及城溃，人争门而出，皆以折车败，为燕所擒；独田单宗人以铁笼得免，遂奔即墨。是时齐地皆属燕，独莒、即墨未下，乐毅乃并右军、前军以围莒，左军、后军围即墨。即墨大夫出战而死。即墨人曰：“安平之战，田单宗人以铁笼得全，是多智习兵。”因共立以为将以拒燕。乐毅围二邑，期年不克，乃令解围，各去城九里而为垒，令曰：“城中民出者勿获，困者赈之，使即旧业，以镇新民。”三年而犹未下。或谗之于燕昭王曰：“乐毅智谋过人，伐齐，呼吸之间克七十馀城，今不下者两城耳，非其力不能拔，所以三年不攻者，欲久仗兵威以服齐人，南面而王耳。今齐人已服，所以未发者，以其妻子在燕故也。且齐多美女，又将忘其妻子。愿王图之！”昭王于是置酒大会，引言者而让之曰：“先王举国以礼贤者，非贪土地以遗子孙也。遭所传德薄，不能堪命，国人不顺。齐为无道，乘孤国之乱以害先王。寡人统位，痛之入骨，故广延群臣，外招宾客，以求报雠；其有成功者，尚欲与之同共燕国。今乐君亲为寡人破齐，夷其宗庙，报塞先仇，齐国固乐君所有，非燕之所得也。乐君若能有齐，与燕并为列国，结欢同好，以抗诸侯之难，燕国之福，寡人之愿也。汝何敢言若此！”乃斩之。赐乐毅妻以后服，赐其子以公子之服；辂车乘马，后属百崐两，遣国相奉而致之乐毅，立乐毅为齐王。乐毅惶恐不受，拜书，以死自誓。由是齐人服其义，诸侯畏其信，莫敢复有谋者。","translated":"[3]当初，燕国军队攻打齐国安平时，临淄市的一个小官田单正在城中，他预先让家族人都用铁皮包上车轴头。待到城破，人们争相涌出城门，都因为车轴互相碰断，车辆损坏难行，被燕军俘虏，只有田单一族因铁皮包裹车轴得以幸免，逃到了即墨。当时齐国大部分地区都被燕军占领，仅有莒城、即墨未沦陷。乐毅于是集中右军、前军包围莒城，集中左军、后军包围即墨。即墨大夫出战身亡。即墨人士说：“安平之战，田单一族人因铁皮包轴得以保全，可见田单足智多谋，熟悉兵事。”于是共同拥立他为守将抵御燕军。乐毅围攻两城，一年未能攻克，便下令解除围攻，退至城外九里处修筑营垒，下令说：“城中的百姓出来不要抓捕他们，有困饿的还要赈济，让他们各操旧业，以安抚新占地区的人民。”过了三年，城还未攻下。有人在燕昭王面前挑拨说：“乐毅智谋过人，进攻齐国，一口气攻 克七十余城。现在只剩两座城，不是他的兵力不能攻下，之所以三年不攻，就是他想倚仗兵威来收服齐国人心，自己好南面称王而已。如今齐国人心已服，他之所以还不行动，就是因为妻子、儿子在燕国。况且齐国多有美女，他早晚将忘记妻子。希望大王早些防备！”燕昭王听罢下令设置盛大酒宴，拉出说此话的人斥责道：“先王倡导全国礼待贤明人才，并不是为了多得土地留给子孙。他不幸遇到继承人缺少德行，不能完成大业，使国内人民怨愤不从，无道的齐国趁着我们国家动乱得以残害先王。我即位以后，对此痛心疾首，才广泛延请群臣，对外招揽宾客，以求报仇。谁能使我成功，我愿意和他分享燕国大权。现在乐毅先生为我大破齐国，平毁齐国宗庙，报却了旧仇，齐国本来就应归乐先生所有，不是燕国该得到的。乐先生如果能拥有齐国，与燕国成为平等国家，结为友好的邻邦，抵御各国的来犯，这正是燕国的福气、我的心愿啊！你怎么敢说这种话呢！”于是将挑 拨者处死。又赏赐乐毅妻子以王后服饰，赏赐他的儿子以王子服饰，配备君王车驾乘马，及上 百辆属车，派宰相侍奉送到乐毅那里，立乐毅为齐王。乐毅十分惶恐，不敢接受，一再拜谢，写下辞书，并宣誓以死效忠燕王。从此齐国人敬服燕国乐毅的德义，各国也畏惧他的信誉，没有再敢来算计的。"},"4-19-5":{"original":"顷之，昭王薨，惠王立。惠王自为太子时，尝不快于乐毅。田单闻之，乃纵反间于燕，宣言曰：“齐王已死，城之不拔者二耳。乐毅与燕新王有隙，畏诛而不敢归，以伐齐为名，实欲连兵南面王齐。齐人未附，故且缓攻即墨 以待其事。齐人所惧，唯恐他将之来，即墨残矣。”燕王固已疑乐毅，得齐反间，乃使骑劫代将而召乐毅。乐毅知王不善代之，遂奔赵。燕将士由是愤惋不和。","translated":"不久，燕昭王去世，燕惠王即位。惠王从当太子时，就与乐毅有矛盾。田单听说了，便派人去燕国用反间计，散布说：“齐王已经死了，齐国仅有两座城未被攻克。乐毅与燕国新王有矛盾，害怕加祸不敢回国，他现在以攻打齐国为名，实际想率领军队在齐国称王。齐国人没有归附，所以他暂缓进攻 即墨，等待时机举行大事。齐国人所怕的，是燕王派别的大将来，那样即墨就城破受害了。”燕惠王本来就疑心乐毅，中了齐国的反间计，便派骑劫代替乐毅为大将，召他回国。乐毅知道燕王换将居心不良，于是投奔了赵国。从此，燕军将士都愤愤不平，内部不和。"},"4-19-6":{"original":"田单令城中人食，必祭其先祖于庭，飞鸟皆翔舞而下城中。燕人怪之，田单因宣言曰：“当有神师下教我。”有一卒曰：“臣可以为师乎？”因反走。田单起引还，坐东乡，师事之。卒曰：“臣欺君。”田单曰：“子勿言也！”因师之。每出约束，必称神师。乃宣言曰：“吾唯惧燕军之劓所得齐卒，置之前行，即墨败矣！”燕人闻之，如其言。城中见降者尽劓，皆怒，坚守，唯恐见得。单又纵反间，言“吾惧燕人掘吾城外冢墓，可为寒心！”燕军尽掘冢墓，烧死人。齐人从城上望见，皆涕泣，共欲出战，怒自十倍。田单知士卒之可用，乃身操版、锸，与士卒分功；妻妾编于行伍之间；尽散饮食飨士。令甲卒皆伏，使老、弱、女子乘城，遣使约降于燕；燕军皆呼万岁。田单又收民金得千镒，令即墨富豪遗燕将，曰：“即将，愿无虏掠吾族家！”燕将大喜，许之。燕军益懈。田单乃收城中，得牛千馀，为绛缯衣，画以五采龙文，束兵刃于其角，而灌脂束苇于其尾，烧其端，凿城数十穴，夜纵牛，壮士五千随其后。牛尾热，怒而奔燕军。燕军大惊，视牛皆龙文，所触尽死伤。而城中鼓噪从之，老弱皆击铜器为声，声动天地。燕军大骇，败走。齐人杀骑劫，追亡逐崐北，所过城邑皆叛燕，复为齐。田单兵日益多，乘胜，燕日败亡，走至河上，而齐七十馀城皆复焉。乃迎裹王于莒；入临淄，封田单为安平君。","translated":"这时，田单下令让城中人吃饭时，先在庭院里祭祀祖先，四处飞鸟争吃祭饭都盘旋落到城中，燕军很是惊讶，田单又让人散布说：“会有天神派军师下界来帮助我们。”有个士兵说：“我可以做神师吗？”说罢起身便走。田单急忙离座追回他，让他面东高坐，奉为神师。士兵说：“我犯上欺主了。”田单忙悄声嘱咐：“你不要说出去。”便以他为师，每当发布号令，都必称奉神师之命。田单又令人散布说：“我就怕燕军把齐国俘虏割去鼻子，作为前导，那样即墨城就完了！”燕国人听说，果然这样做了。城中守兵看到投降燕军的人都被割去鼻子，万分痛恨，决心坚守不降，唯恐被俘。田单再使出反间计，说：“我怕燕军掘毁我们的城外坟墓，那样齐国人就寒心了。”燕军又中计，把城外坟墓尽行挖毁，焚烧死尸。齐国人从城上远远望见，都痛哭流涕，争相请求出战，怒气倍增。田单知道这时军士已经可以死战，于是带头拿起版、锹和士卒一起筑城，把自己的妻妾编进军队，还分发全部食品犒劳将士。他下令让披甲士兵都潜伏在城下，只以老弱人员、女子登城守卫，又派人去燕军中约定投降，燕军都欢呼万岁。田单在城中百姓中募集到一千镒金银，让即墨城的富豪送给燕军大将，说：“我们马上就投降。请不要抢劫掠夺我们的家族！”燕国将军大喜，立刻应允。燕军戒备更加松懈。田单在城中搜罗到一千余头牛，给牛披上大红绸衣，绘上五彩天龙花纹，在牛角上绑束尖刀，而在牛尾绑上灌好油脂的苇草，然后点燃，趁着夜色，从预先凿好的几十个城墙洞中，赶牛冲出，后而紧随着五千名壮士。牛尾部被火燎烧，都惊怒地奔向燕军大营。燕军大惊失色，看到牛身上都是天龙花纹，碰到的不是死就是伤。加上城中敲锣打鼓齐声呐喊，老弱居民也敲击铜器助威，响声惊天动地。燕国军队万分恐惧，纷纷败逃。齐军趁乱杀死燕军大将骑劫，追杀逃亡的燕军，所经过的城邑都叛离燕国，再度归顺齐国。田单的军队越来越多，乘胜而入，燕军日日望风而逃，逃到黄河边，齐国失去的七十几座城都复归。田单于是前往莒城迎齐襄王回国都临淄，襄王册封田单为安平君。"},"4-19-7":{"original":"齐王以太史敫之女为后，生太子建。太史敫曰：“女不取媒，因自嫁，非吾种也，污吾世！”终身不见君王后，君王后亦不以不见故失人子之礼。","translated":"齐襄王立太史敫的女儿为王后，生下太子田建。太史敫却说：“我的女儿不经过媒人，自定婚嫁，不是我家的人，她败坏了我的家风！”终身不见王后，但王后并不因他不见而失去做儿女应有的礼数。"},"4-19-8":{"original":"赵王封乐毅于观津，尊宠之，以警动于燕、齐。燕惠王乃使人让乐毅，且谢之曰：“将军过听，以与寡人有隙，遂捐燕归赵。将军自为计则可矣，而亦何以报先王之所以遇将军之意乎？”乐毅报书曰：“昔伍子胥说听于阖闾而吴远迹至郢；夫差弗是也，赐之鸱夷而浮之江。吴王不寤先论之可以立功，故沈子胥而不悔；子胥不蚤见主之不同量，是以至于入江而不化。夫免身立功以明先王之迹，臣之上计也。离毁辱之诽谤，堕先王之名，臣之所大恐也。临不测之罪，以幸为利，义之所不敢出也。臣闻古之君子，交绝不出恶声，忠臣去国，不洁其名。臣虽不佞，数奉教于君子矣。唯君王之留意焉！”于是燕王复以乐毅子为昌国君，而乐毅往来复通燕，卒于赵，号曰望诸君。","translated":"赵王分封乐毅于观津，对他十分尊宠。以此来警戒燕国和齐国。燕惠王便派人去批评乐毅，并道歉说：“乐将军你过于听信传言，因为与我有矛盾，就抛弃燕国跑到赵国。你这样做为自己打算是可以的，然而，又怎能报答先王对你的一片恩情呢？”乐毅回信答复道：“从前伍子胥的建议被吴王阖闾采纳，吴国的势力一直扩展到郢地；而继任吴王夫差不听他的话，把伍子胥的尸体装入皮囊抛进江中。夫差不明白伍子胥对先王的建议是吴国得以成就功业的根本，所以沉下伍子胥的尸体一点儿也不后悔。伍子胥不能早日看出不同的君王有不同的器量，所以尸体虽入江而魂灵仍怨愤不化。免去自身的灾祸，立就功业，以表明先王的心迹，是我的上策。自己遭到别人的诽谤，从而使先王的英名蒙上耻辱，是我最害怕的。但因为蒙受了不白之冤，就以新的宠幸为利益，谋算燕国，也是我在道义上绝不会做的。我听说古代的君子，与人断交绝不口出恶言；忠臣被迫离开祖国，也不去辩解洗雪自己的名声。我虽然不成器，也曾多次从古代君子身上得到教益。谨请大王明鉴。”于是燕王仍封乐毅的儿子乐为昌国君，而乐毅也为修好睦邻而往来燕国，最后死于赵国，谥号望诸君。"},"4-19-9":{"original":"田单相齐，过淄水，有老人涉淄而寒，出水不能行。田单解其裘而衣之。襄王恶之，曰：“田单之施于人，将以取我国乎！不早图，恐后之变也。”左右顾无人，岩下有贯珠者，襄王呼而问之曰：“汝闻吾言乎？”对曰：“闻之。”王曰：“汝以为何如？”对曰：“王不如因以为己善。王嘉单之善，下令曰‘寡人忧民之饥也，单收而食之。寡人忧民之寒也，单解裘而衣之。寡人忧劳百姓，而单亦忧，称寡人之意。’单有是善而王嘉之，单之善亦王之善也！”王曰：“善。”乃赐单牛酒。后数日，贯珠者复见王曰：“王朝日宜召田单而揖之于庭，口劳之。乃布令求百姓之饥寒者，收谷之。”乃使人听于闾里，闻大夫之相与语者曰：“田单之爱人，嗟，乃王之教也！”","translated":"田单出任齐国国相，有次路过淄水，见到一个老人渡淄水时冻得直哆嗦，走出水面时已不能前行。田单便解下自己的皮袍给他披上。齐襄王听说 后十分厌恶，说：“田单对别人施恩，是打算夺我的国位，我不早下手，恐怕以后会有变故！”说完一看左右无人，只在殿阶下有个穿珠子的人，襄王便召他过来问道：“你听见我的话了吗？”回答：“听见了。”襄王问：“你觉得怎么样？”回答说：“大王不如把此事变成自己的善行。大王可以嘉奖田单的善心，下令说：‘我忧虑人民的饥饿，田单就收养他们，供给饮食；我忧虑人民的寒冷，田单就脱下皮袍给他们披上；我忧虑人民的操劳，田单也因此忧虑。他正符合我的心意。‘田单有善行而大王嘉奖他，那么田单的善行也就是大王的善行了。”襄王说：“好。”于是赏赐田单酒宴。过了几天，穿珠子的人又来见齐襄王说：“大王应该在群臣朝见时召见田单，在殿庭上致谢，亲自慰劳他。然后布告国内寻找百姓中饥饿者，予以收养。”襄王这样做后，派人到街头里巷去探听，听到大夫等官员互相说：“哦！田单疼爱百姓，是大王的教诲呀！”"},"4-2-0":{"original":"[1]楚怀王发病，薨于秦，秦人归其丧。楚人皆怜之，如悲亲戚。诸侯由是不直秦。","translated":"[1]楚怀王发病，死在秦国。秦国送回他的灵柩，楚国人见了都十分悲痛，像死了自己的亲人一样。各国诸侯因此也对秦国不满。"},"4-2-1":{"original":"[2]齐、韩、魏、赵、宋同击秦，至盐氏而还。秦与韩武遂、与魏封陵以和。","translated":"[2]齐、韩、魏、赵、宋五国共同出兵攻打秦国，到了盐氏地方即行撤回。秦国把武遂归还韩国，把封陵归还魏国，以求和解。"},"4-2-2":{"original":"[3]赵主父行新地，遂出代；西遇楼烦王于西河而致其兵。","translated":"[3]赵主父视察新获取的领土，离开代郡，向西在西河会见楼烦王，接受了他的部队。"},"4-2-3":{"original":"[4]魏襄王薨，子昭王立。","translated":"[4]魏国魏襄王去世，其子即位为魏昭王。"},"4-2-4":{"original":"[5]韩襄王薨，子王咎立。","translated":"[5]韩国韩襄王去世，其子韩咎即位为韩王。"},"4-20-0":{"original":"[1]秦大良造白起伐楚，拔郢，烧夷陵。楚襄王兵散，遂不复战，东北徙都于陈。秦以郢为南郡，封白起为武安君。","translated":"[1]秦国派大良造白起进攻楚国，攻占郢城，火烧夷陵。楚襄王的军队四散，于是不再迎战，把国都向东北迁到陈地。秦国以郢城为南郡，封白起为武安君。"},"4-21-0":{"original":"[1]秦武安君定巫、黔中，初置黔中郡。","translated":"[1]秦国武安君平定巫、黔中，秦国在此设置黔中郡。"},"4-21-1":{"original":"[2]魏昭王薨，子安王立。","translated":"[2]魏国魏昭王去世，其子即位为魏安王。"},"4-22-0":{"original":"[1]秦武安君伐魏，拔两城。","translated":"[1]秦国武安君进攻魏国，攻占两城。"},"4-22-1":{"original":"[2]楚王收东地兵，得十余万，复西取江南十五邑。","translated":"[2]楚王召集东部军队，得到十余万人，又向西攻取长江以南十五邑。"},"4-22-2":{"original":"[3]魏安王封其弟无忌为信陵君。","translated":"[3]魏安王封他的弟弟魏无忌为信陵君。"},"4-23-0":{"original":"[1]秦相国穰侯伐魏。韩暴鸢救魏，穰侯大破之，斩首四万。暴鸢走开封。魏纳八城以和。穰侯得伐魏，走芒卯，入北宅。魏人割温以和。","translated":"[1]秦国相国穰侯魏冉进攻魏国。韩国派暴鸢率军救魏，魏冉大破韩军，杀死四万人。暴鸢逃往开封。魏国只好献出八座城求和。魏冉却继续攻打魏国，赶走魏将芒卯，进军北宅。魏国又割让温邑再行求和。"},"4-24-0":{"original":"[1]魏复与齐合从。秦穰侯伐魏，拔四城，斩首四万。","translated":"[1]魏国重新与齐国联合抗秦。秦国派魏冉进攻魏国，攻陷四城，杀四万人。"},"4-24-1":{"original":"[2]鲁公薨，子顷公雠立。","translated":"[2]鲁国鲁公去世，其子姬仇即位为鲁倾公。"},"4-25-0":{"original":"[1]赵人、魏人伐韩华阳。韩人告急于秦，秦王弗救。韩相国谓陈筮曰：“事急矣，愿公虽病，为一宿之行！”陈筮如秦，见穰侯。穰侯曰：“事急乎？故使公来。”陈筮曰：“未急也。”穰侯怒曰：“何也？”陈筮曰：“彼韩急则将变而他从；以未急，故复来耳。”穰侯曰：“请发兵矣。”乃与武安君及客卿胡阳救韩，八日而至，败魏军于华阳之下，走芒卯，虏三将，斩首十三万。武安君又与赵将贾偃战，沈其卒二万人于河。魏段干子请割南阳予秦以和。苏代谓魏王曰：“欲玺者，段干子也，欲地者，秦也。今王使欲地者制玺，欲玺者制地，魏地尽矣！夫以地事秦，犹抱薪救火，薪不尽，火不灭。”王曰：“是则然也。虽然，事始已行，不可更矣。”对曰：“夫博之所以贵枭者，便则食，不便则止。今何王之用智不如用枭也？”魏王不听，卒以南阳为和，实修武。","translated":"[1]赵国、魏国联合进攻韩国华阳。韩国向秦国告急，秦王不救。韩国相国对陈筮说：“事情危急了！希望你能抱病连夜走一遭！”陈筮到了秦国，拜见魏冉。魏冉冷笑道：“事情危急了吧？所以让你来。”陈筮却说：“不着急。”魏冉生气地问：“为什么？”陈筮回答：“韩国要是真的逼急了，就会转而投靠别的国家。现在还不算急，所以再来秦国求救。”魏冉忙说：“我答应出兵了。”于是与武安君白起及客卿胡阳率军救韩，八天后到达，在华阳城下击败魏军，又赶跑芒卯，俘虏三员敌将，杀死十三万人。白起又与赵军大将贾偃交战，设计在黄河中淹死赵兵二万人。魏国的段干子建议割让南阳给秦国以求和。苏代对魏王说：“段干子想掌握秦国的相印，秦国想占据魏国的领土。现在大王您让想夺地的秦国控制相印，让想要相印的段干子来控制魏国土地，互相勾结，魏国的土地就会丧失干净！献地去向秦国讨好，好比抱着干柴去救火，干柴烧不完，火是不会灭的。”魏王说：“话虽是如此，但是，事情已经开始进行，无法改变了。”苏代又劝说：“下棋时之所以重视‘枭子’，是因为这个棋子方便时可以吃子，不便时可以停止。现在大王使用智谋为什么还不如下棋用‘枭子’那样灵活呢？”魏王到底没有听从苏代的劝告，割让了南阳求和。南阳，实际上就是修武。"},"4-25-1":{"original":"[2]韩王薨，子桓惠王立。","translated":"[2]韩国韩王去世，其子即位为韩桓惠王。"},"4-25-2":{"original":"[3]韩、魏既服于秦，秦王将使武安君与韩、魏伐楚，未行，而楚使者黄歇至 ，闻之，畏秦乘胜一举而灭楚也，乃上书曰：“臣闻物至则反，冬、夏是也；致至 则危，累棋是也。今大国之地，偏天下有其二垂，此从生民以来，万乘之地未尝有也。先王三世不忘接地于齐，以绝从亲之要。今王使盛桥守事于韩，盛桥以其地入秦，是王不用甲，不信威，而得百里之地，王可谓能矣！王又举甲而攻魏，杜大梁之门，举河内，拔燕、酸枣、虚、桃，入邢，魏之兵云翔而不敢救，王之功亦多矣！王休甲息众，二年而后复之，又并蒲、衍、首、垣以临仁、平丘，黄、济阳婴城而魏氏服。王又割濮磨之北，注齐、秦之要，绝楚、赵之脊，天下五合六聚而不敢救，王之威亦单矣！王若能保功守威，绌攻取之心而肥仁义之地，使无后患，三王不足四，五伯不足六也！王若负人徒之众，仗兵革之强，乘毁魏之威，而欲以力臣天下之主，臣恐其有后患也。《诗》曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’《易》曰：‘狐涉水，濡其尾。’此言始之易，终之难也。昔吴之信越也，从而伐齐，既胜齐人于艾陵，还为越王禽于三江之浦。智氏之信韩、魏也，从而伐赵，攻晋阳城，胜有日矣，韩、魏叛 之，杀智伯瑶于凿台之下。今王妒楚之不毁而忘毁楚之强韩、魏也，臣为王虑而不取也。夫楚国，援也；邻国，敌也。今王信韩、魏之善王，此正吴之信越也，臣恐韩、魏卑辞除患而实欲欺大国也。何则？王无重世之德于韩、魏而有累世之怨焉。夫韩、魏父子兄弟接踵而死于秦将十世矣，故韩、魏之不亡，秦社稷之忧也。今王资之与攻楚，不亦过乎！且攻楚将恶出兵？王将借路于仇雠之韩、魏乎，兵出之日而王忧其不反也。王若不借路于仇雠之韩、魏，必攻随水右壤，此皆广川、大水、山林、溪谷，不食之地。是王有毁楚之名而无得地之实也。且王攻楚之日，四国必悉起兵而应王，秦、楚之兵构而不离，魏氏将出而攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相，故宋必尽，齐人南面攻楚，泗上必举，此皆平原四达膏腴之地，如此，则天下之国莫强于齐、魏矣。臣为王虑，莫若善楚。秦、楚合而为一以临韩，韩必敛手而朝，王施以东山之险，带以曲河之利，韩必为关内之侯。若是而王以十万戍郑，梁氏寒心，许、鄢陵婴城而上蔡、召陵不往来也，如此，魏亦关内侯矣。大王壹善楚而关内两万乘之主 注地于齐，齐右壤可拱手而取也。王之地一经两海，要约天下，是燕、赵无齐、楚，齐、楚无燕、赵也。然后危动燕、赵，直摇齐、楚，此四国者不待痛而服矣。”王从之，止武安君而谢韩、魏，使黄歇归，约亲于楚。","translated":"[3]韩国、魏国已向秦国屈服，秦王便派武安君白起 联合韩、魏两军进攻楚国。尚未出发，楚国已派使臣黄歇前来。黄歇听说此事，怕秦国乘胜一举消灭楚国，于是急忙上书秦王说：“我听说物极必反，冬天、夏天的交替即是如此；走极端则危险，垒棋子即是如此。现在强大的秦国的地域，遍及天下，控制西、北两端，这是自古以来，拥有万乘车马的大国从未达到的。楚国三世先王都不忘与齐国接壤，以切断联合抗秦阵线的韩、魏中段。如今大王派盛桥在韩国掌权，盛桥迫使韩国割地给秦国，大王您不动甲兵，不施威势，就得到百里土地，大王可谓能干之极！大王又出兵攻魏，封堵魏国门户，攻下河内，夺取燕、酸枣、虚、桃等地，进入邢丘，魏兵云集而不敢前救，大王可谓战功累累！大王休息军队，两年后再举用兵，又吞并蒲、衍、首、垣等地，兵临仁、平丘，使黄、济阳据城自守，魏王只好屈服。大王又占据濮磨之北，使土地互相联结于齐国和秦国的腰部，切断楚国、赵国的联系中枢，各国三番五次地联合、聚会，终于不敢来救，大王可谓威名赫赫无双！现在，大王如果能保守功业威势，收敛继续进攻的雄心，而在领地上广施仁义，消除后患，那么，大王的功业绝不止是三代圣王之后的第四个，五位霸主之后的第六个！但是大王如果倚仗军队众多，凭借武器精良，乘平毁魏国的兵威，想以武力使天下各国君王都向您俯首称臣，我担心您会引来后患。《诗经》说：‘常见善始，少见善终。’《易经》说：‘小狐渡水，尾部浸湿。’这都是指开始容易，结束困难。当年吴国听信越国，出兵攻齐，已经在艾陵战胜齐国，回来却被越王在三江之滨擒杀。智伯瑶信任韩、魏两家，联合进攻赵家，围攻晋阳时，胜利已指日可待，韩家、魏家却突然反叛，智伯瑶终于在凿台之下被杀。如今大王忌恨楚国尚未灭亡，而忘记了楚国灭亡只会使韩国、魏国强大，臣下我认为您的这种做法不可取而为您忧虑。楚国，是您的援手；其他邻国，是您的敌人。现在大王相信韩国、魏国亲善秦国，这正像当年吴国信任越国。我以为，恐怕韩国、魏崐国表面上谦语卑辞是为了免除灾祸，而实际上却是想欺骗秦国。为什么呢？因为秦王对于韩、魏两国并无再世的恩德，却有累世的积怨呀！韩国、魏国人中，父子兄弟接连死于秦国刀兵之下的，已近十代了。所以韩国、魏国只要不灭亡，终究是秦国的忧患。大王却要资助他们一起进攻楚国，这不是个大错误吗？况且，进攻楚国从何处出兵？大王是否准备向世仇魏、韩两国去借道？那样做，自秦兵出发之日大王就会担忧他们回不来。大王如果不向世仇韩、魏去借道，势必只有攻随水的西边，那里都是广川、大河、山林、深谷，不毛之地，大王徒有征服楚国的名义而没有得到土地的实际利益，而且大王进攻楚国时，四国必然全部起兵响应大王，当秦国、楚国军队打得难解难分时，魏国就会趁机出兵进攻留、方与、、湖陵、砀、萧、相等地，宋国旧地将尽入其手。齐国人也会向南攻楚，必然夺取泗上，这些都是四通八达的平原，肥沃膏腴之地。那样的话，天下的国家中将是齐国、魏国最强大了。我为大王考虑，不如与楚国亲善为好。秦国、楚国合二为一进攻韩国，韩国必然束手无策，屈服称臣，大王控制华山以东的险要，占有九曲黄河的利益，韩王必定成为您的关内之侯。这时大王再派十万大兵驻守韩都新郑，足使魏王胆战心惊，许、鄢陵两城被困后，上蔡、召陵也将与魏都大梁无法来往。那时，魏国就成了关内侯。大王一施行与楚国亲善的政策而使关内两个拥有万乘兵车的大国向齐国索要土地，齐国西部领土便垂手可得。大王的领土横贯西海、东海，扼制天下，于是燕国、赵国不能与齐国、楚国联合，齐国、楚国也不能与燕国、赵国相援助。然后大王再威逼燕国、赵国，直捣齐国、楚国，这四个国家不等到被痛击就会降服了。”秦王听从了黄歇的意见，令白起停止行动，辞谢了韩国、魏国军队，派黄歇归国，与楚国缔结亲善睦邻邦交条约。"},"4-3-0":{"original":"[1]秦尉错伐魏襄城。","translated":"[1]秦国国尉司马错进攻魏国襄城。"},"4-3-1":{"original":"[2]赵主父与齐、燕共灭中山，迁其王于肤施。归，行赏，大赦，置酒，五日。","translated":"[2]赵主父与齐国、燕国联合灭掉中山国，把中山王迁到肤施居住。赵主父回来后，论功行赏，大赦罪人，设酒庆祝，全国欢宴五天。"},"4-3-2":{"original":"[3]赵主父封其长子章于代，号曰安阳君。","translated":"[3]赵主父把长子赵章封到代，号称安阳君。"},"4-3-3":{"original":"安阳君素侈，心不服其弟。主父使田不礼相之。李兑谓肥义曰：“公子章强壮而志骄，党众而欲大，田不礼忍杀而骄，二人相得，必有阴谋。夫小人有欲，轻虑浅谋，徒见其利，不顾其害，难必不久矣。子任重而势大，乱之所始而祸之所集也。子何不称疾毋出而传政于公子成，毋为祸梯，不亦可乎！”肥义曰：“昔者主父以王属义也，曰：‘毋变而度，毋易而虑，坚守一心，以殁而世！’义再拜受命而籍之。今畏不礼之难而忘吾籍，变孰大焉！谚曰：‘死者复生，生者不愧。’吾欲全吾言，安得全吾身乎！子则有赐而忠我矣。虽然，吾言已在前矣，终不敢失！”李兑曰：“诺，子勉之矣！吾见子已今年耳。”涕泣而出。","translated":"安阳君平素为人骄横，内心对弟弟立为王十分不服。赵主父派田不礼做他的国相。李兑对肥义说：“公子赵章身强力壮而怀有野心，党羽众多而贪欲极大，田不礼又残忍好杀，十分狂妄，两人互相勾结，必定会图谋不轨。小人有了野心，就要轻举妄动，他只看到想获取的利益，看不到带来的危害。一场灾难就在眼前了。你身居要职，权势很大，你将成为动乱的由头，灾祸也将集中在你身上。你何不称病不出，把朝政交给公子赵成去处理，免得被祸事牵连。这样不好吗！”肥义说：“当年赵主父把赵王嘱托给我，说：‘不要改变你的宗旨，不要改变你的心意，要坚守一心，至死效忠！’我再三拜谢承命并记录在案。现在如果怕田不礼加祸于我而忘掉当年的记录，就是莫大的背弃。俗话说崐：‘面对复生的死者，活着的人无需感到惭愧。’我要维护我的诺言，哪能光顾保全生命！你对我的建议是一片好心，但是我已有誓言在先，决不敢放弃！”李兑说：“好，你勉力而为吧！能见到你恐怕只有今年了。”说罢流泪而出。"},"4-3-4":{"original":"李兑数见公子成以备田不礼。肥义谓信期曰：“公子章与田不礼声善而实恶，内得主而外为暴，矫令以擅一旦之命，不难为也。今吾忧之，夜而忘寐，饥而忘食，盗出入不可以不备。自今以来，有召王者必见吾面，我将以身先之，无故而后王可入也。”信期曰：“善。”","translated":"李兑几次入见公子赵成，商议防备田不礼。肥义对信期说：“公子赵章与田不礼语言动听而本质凶恶，在内讨得主父的欢心，在外恣意施暴。他们一旦假借主父的命令来发动政变，是很容易得手的。现在我忧虑此事，已到了废寝忘食的程度。强盗在身边出入不能不防！从此以后，有人奉主父命来召见赵王必须先见我的面，我将先前往，没有变故，赵王才能去。”信期说：“好。”"},"4-3-5":{"original":"主父使惠文王朝群臣而自从旁窥之，见其长子也，反北面为臣，诎于其弟，心怜之，于是乃欲分赵而王公子章于代。计未决而辍。主父及王游沙丘，异宫，公子章、田不礼以其徒作乱，诈以主父令召王。肥义先入，杀之。高信即与王战。公子成与李兑自国至，乃起四邑之 兵入距难，杀公子章及田不礼，灭其党。公子成为相，号安平君；李兑为司寇。是时惠文王少，成、兑专政。","translated":"赵主父让赵惠文王朝见群臣，自己在旁边窥察，只见当哥哥的赵章反而俯首称臣，无精打采地听高高在上的弟弟赵何训示，心中有些不忍，于是想把赵国一分为二，让赵章在代郡称王，但这个计划还没有最后决定就搁置起来。赵主父和赵王出游沙丘，分别住在两个行宫里。赵章、田不礼乘机率领门徒作乱，他们假称赵主父的命令召见赵王，肥义先进去，被杀死。高信便与赵王一同抵抗。公子赵成与李兑从国都邯郸赶来，发动四邑的军队入宫镇压叛乱，杀死赵章及田不礼，处死全部党羽。公子赵成担任相国，称为安平君；李兑被任命为司寇。当时赵惠文王还年幼，政权都掌握在公子赵成、李兑手中。"},"4-3-6":{"original":"公子章之败也，往走主父；主父开之。成、兑因围主父。公子章死，成、兑谋曰：“以章故，围主父；即解兵，吾属夷矣！”乃遂围之，令：“宫中人后出者夷！”宫中人悉出。主父欲出不得，又不得食，探雀而食之。三月馀，饿死沙丘宫。主父定死，乃发丧赴诸侯。主父初以长子章为太子，后得吴娃，爱之，为不出者数岁。生子何，乃废太子章而立之。吴娃死，爱弛；怜故太子，欲两王之，犹豫未决，故乱起。","translated":"赵章败退的时候，逃到赵主父那里，赵主父开门接纳了他。公子赵成、李兑于是带兵包围了赵主父的行宫。杀死赵章后，公子赵成、李兑商议道：“我们为追杀赵章，竟包围了主父的行宫，如此大罪，要是撤兵回去，会被满门抄斩的！”于是又下令围住赵主父行宫，宣布：“宫中人晚出来的杀！”宫中的人听见命令全部逃出，赵主父想出来却不被准许，又得不到食物，只好捕捉幼鸟吃，三个多月后，他终于饿死在沙丘行宫中。直到赵主父确死无疑，赵国才向各国报告丧事。起初，赵主父定长子赵章为太子，后来他娶了美女吴娃，十分宠爱，曾经几年不出宫上朝。生下儿子赵何后，便废去太子赵章，立赵何为太子。吴娃死后，赵主父对赵何的偏爱也逐渐减退，又可怜起原来的太子，想立两个王。他总是犹豫不决，所以引起了内乱。"},"4-3-7":{"original":"[4]秦楼缓免相，魏冉代之。","translated":"[4]秦国罢免楼缓的丞相，由魏冉代任。"},"4-4-0":{"original":"[1]秦败魏师于解。","translated":"[1]秦国在解击败魏国军队。"},"4-5-0":{"original":"[1]韩公孙喜、魏人伐秦。穰侯荐左更白起于秦王以代向寿将兵，败魏师、韩师于伊阙，斩首二十四万级，虏公孙喜，拔五城。秦王以白起为国尉。","translated":"[1]韩国派大将公孙喜联合魏国攻打秦国。秦国穰侯把任左更之职的白起推荐给秦王，代替向寿统率秦军，结果在伊阙大败韩、魏联军，杀死二十四万人，活捉公孙喜，夺取五座城。秦王便任命白起为国尉。"},"4-5-1":{"original":"[2]秦王遗楚王书曰：“楚倍秦，秦且率诸侯伐楚，愿王之饬士卒，得一崐乐战！”楚王患之，乃复与秦和亲。","translated":"[2]秦王送信给楚王，写道：“楚国背叛了秦国，秦国将率领各国来讨伐楚国，希望你整顿好军队，我们痛痛快快地打一仗！”楚王十分恐惧，只好再与秦国修好结亲。"},"4-6-0":{"original":"[1]楚襄王迎妇于秦。","translated":"[1]楚襄王从秦国迎娶新娘。"},"4-6-1":{"original":"臣光曰：甚哉秦之无道也，杀其父而劫其子；楚之不竞也，忍其父而婚其雠！乌呼，楚之君诚得其道，臣诚得其人，秦虽强，乌得陵之哉！善乎荀卿论之曰：“夫道，善用之则百里之地可以独立，不善用之则楚六千里而为雠人役。”故人主不务得道而广有其势，是其所以危也。","translated":"臣司马光曰：秦国真是太不讲道理了，害死楚怀王又逼迫其子楚襄王；楚国也太不争气了，忍下杀父之仇而与敌人通婚！呜呼！楚国君王如果能坚持正确的治国之道，对臣下任用得人，秦国虽然强大，又怎能肆意欺凌它呢！荀况说得好：“治国之道，善于掌握则仅有百里方圆的地方也可以独立于天下，不善于掌握哪怕像楚国有六千里国土也只能被仇人所驱使。”所以君王不认真讲求治国之道，只一味制造声势，正是走向危亡的原因。"},"4-6-2":{"original":"[2]秦魏冉谢病免，以客卿烛寿为丞相。","translated":"[2]秦国魏冉因病辞去职务，以客卿烛寿为丞相。"},"4-7-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐韩，拔宛。","translated":"[1]秦国进攻韩国，攻克宛。"},"4-7-1":{"original":"秦烛寿免。魏冉复为丞相，封于穰与陶，谓之穰侯。又封公子于宛，公子悝于邓。","translated":"秦国免去烛寿职务，魏冉再度出任丞相，受封穰、陶两地，称为穰侯。秦国又把宛封给公子，把邓封给公子悝。"},"4-8-0":{"original":"[1]魏入河东地四百里、韩入武遂地二百里于秦。","translated":"[1]魏国把河东地方圆四百里、韩国把武遂地方圆二百里献给秦国。"},"4-8-1":{"original":"[2]魏芒卯始以诈见重。","translated":"[2]魏国芒卯以诈术开始受到重用。"},"4-9-0":{"original":"[1]秦大良造白起、客卿错伐魏，至轵，取城大小六十一。","translated":"[1]秦国派大良造白起、客卿司马错进攻魏国，抵达轵地，夺取大小城镇六十一座。"},"5-1-0":{"original":"[1]楚以左徒黄歇侍太子完为质于秦。","translated":"[1]楚国派左徒黄歇侍奉在秦国做人质的太子芈完。"},"5-1-1":{"original":"[2]秦置南阳郡。","translated":"[2]秦国设置南阳郡。"},"5-1-2":{"original":"[3]秦、魏、楚共伐燕。","translated":"[3]秦国、魏国、楚国共同进攻燕国。"},"5-1-3":{"original":"[4]燕惠王薨，子武成王立。","translated":"[4]燕国燕惠王去世，其子即位为燕武成王。"},"5-10-0":{"original":"[1]秦武安君伐韩，取南阳；攻太行道，绝之。","translated":"[1]秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，夺取南阳；又攻打太行山道，予以切断。"},"5-10-1":{"original":"[2]楚顷襄王疾病。黄歇言于应侯曰：“今楚王疾恐不起，秦不如归其太子。太子得立，其事秦必重而德相国无穷，是亲与国而得储万乘也。不归，则咸阳布衣耳。楚更立君，必不事秦，是失与国而绝万乘之和，非计也。”应侯以告王。王曰：“令太子之傅先往问疾，反而后图之。”黄歇与太子谋曰：“秦之留太子，欲以求利也。今太子力未能有以利秦也，而阳文君子二人在中。王若卒大命，太子不在，阳文君子必立为后，太子不得奉宗庙矣。不如亡秦，与使者俱出。臣请止，以死当之！”太子因变服为楚使者御而出关；而黄歇守舍，常为太子谢病。度太子已远，乃自言于王曰：“楚太子已归，出远矣。歇愿赐死！”王怒，欲听之。应侯曰：“歇为人臣，出身以徇其主，太子立，必用歇。不如无罪而归之，以亲楚。”王从之。黄歇至楚三月，秋，顷襄王薨，考烈王即位；以黄歇为相，封以淮北地，号曰春申君。","translated":"[2]楚顷襄王病重。黄歇对应侯范睢说：“现在楚王的病恐怕难以痊愈，秦国不如让楚太子回国。太子能够即位，一定会更加侍奉秦国，感戴相国您的无穷恩德，这样做既与邻国结好，又为秦国储存下一个有万乘兵车的帮手。如果不让太子回去，他只是咸阳城里一个普通老百姓而已。楚国再立一个君王，肯定不会侍奉秦国，那么秦国就失去友邦又断送了与一个有万乘兵车大国间的和平。不是上策。”应侯范睢把此话告诉秦王，秦王说：“让太子的老师先去看看楚王病 的情况，回来再做商议。”黄歇与楚太子盘算道：“秦国留下太子，想以此来换取利益。现在太子的力量又做不到什么有利秦国的事。阳文君的两个儿子都在楚国，楚王一旦去世，太子不在国中，阳文君的儿子肯定会被立为继承人，那么太子就不能接替祖业了。太子不如与使者一起逃离秦国，我留在这里，以死来对付秦王。”太子于是换上衣服扮作楚国使者的车夫混出关外；黄歇守在馆舍中，常常称太子生病谢绝来访。他估计太子已经走得很远，便自己去告诉秦王说：“楚国太子已经归国，走得很远了。我黄歇情愿领受死罪。”秦王勃然大怒，想照此处理。应侯范睢劝道：“黄歇作为臣下，献身以救他的主子，如果楚太子即位，一定会重用黄歇。我们不如赦免黄歇无罪放他回去，以与楚国结好。”秦王听从了劝告，放走黄歇。黄歇回到楚国三个月后的秋天，楚顷襄王去世，太子即位为楚考烈王；任命黄歇为国相，封给他淮河以北的领地，号称春申君。"},"5-11-0":{"original":"[1]楚人纳州于秦以平。","translated":"[1]楚国把州陵献给秦国，以求和平。"},"5-11-1":{"original":"[2]武安君伐韩，拔野王。上党路绝，上党守冯亭与其民谋曰：“郑道已绝，秦兵日进，韩不能应，不如以上党归赵。赵受我，秦必攻之；赵被秦兵，必亲韩；韩、赵为一，则可以当秦矣。”乃遣使者告于赵曰：“韩不能守上党，入之秦，其吏民皆安于赵，不乐为秦。有城市邑十七，愿再拜献之大王！”赵王以告平阳君豹，对曰：“圣人甚祸无故之利。”王曰：“人乐吾德，何谓无故？”对曰：“秦蚕食韩地，中绝，不令相通，固自以为坐而受上党也。韩氏所以不入于秦者，欲嫁其祸于赵也。秦服其劳而赵受其利，虽强大不能得之于弱小，弱小固能得之于强大乎！岂得谓之非无故哉？不如勿受。”王以告平原君，平原君请受之。王乃使平原君往受地，以万户都三封其太守为华阳君，以千户都三封其县令为侯，吏民皆益爵三级。冯亭垂涕不见使者，曰：“吾不忍卖主地而食之也！”","translated":"[2]秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克野王。上党与外界通道被切断。上党郡守冯亭与民间人士商议说：“去都城新郑的道路已经断绝，秦国军队每日推进，韩国又无法接应救援，不如以上党去归顺赵国。赵国如果接受我们，秦国必定进攻他们；赵国面对秦兵，一定会与韩国亲善，韩、赵联为一体，就可以抵挡秦国了。”于是派使者去告诉赵国说：“我们韩国无法守住上党，想把它献给秦国，但郡中官员百姓都心向赵国，不愿做秦国的属下。我们现有大邑共十七个，愿意恭敬地献给赵王！”赵王把此事告诉平阳君赵豹，赵豹说：“圣人认为接受无缘无故的利益不是好兆头。”赵王说：“别人仰慕我的恩德，怎么能说是无缘无故呢？”回答说：“秦国蚕食吞并韩国土地，从中切断，不使他们相通，本来以为可坐待上党归降。韩国人之所以不把它献给秦国，就是想嫁祸于赵国。秦国付出千辛万苦而赵国坐收其利，即使我们强大也不能这样从弱小手中夺取利益，何况我们本来就弱小无法与强大秦国相争。这难道还不是无缘无故吗？我们不应该接受上党。”赵王又把此事告诉平原君赵胜，赵胜却劝赵王接受。赵王于是派赵胜前去接收，封原上党太守为华阳君，赐给他三个拥有万户百姓的城市做封地；又封县令为侯，赐给三个拥有千户百姓的城镇做封地。官员和地方人士都晋爵三级。冯亭不愿见赵国使者，垂着泪说：“我实在不忍心出卖君主的土地还去享用它！”"},"5-12-0":{"original":"[1]秦左庶长王攻上党，拔之。上党民走赵。赵廉颇军于长平，以按据上党民。王因伐赵。赵军数战不胜，止一裨将、四尉。赵王与楼昌、虞卿谋，楼昌请发重使为媾。虞卿曰：“今制媾者在秦；秦必欲破王之军矣，虽往请媾，秦将不听。不如发使以重宝附楚、魏，楚、魏受之，则秦疑天下之合从，媾乃可成也。”王不听，使郑朱媾于秦，秦受之。王谓虞卿曰：“秦内郑朱矣。”对曰：“王必不得媾而军破矣。何则？天下之贺战胜者皆在秦矣。夫郑朱，贵人也，秦王、应侯必显重之以示天下。天下见王之媾于秦，必不救王；秦知天下之不救王，则媾不可得成矣。”既而秦果显郑朱而不与赵媾。","translated":"[1]秦国派左庶长王进攻上党，予以攻克。上党百姓逃往赵国。赵国派廉颇率军驻守长平，接应上党逃来的百姓。王于是挥兵攻打赵国。赵军迎战，几战都不胜，一员副 将和四名都尉阵亡。赵王与楼昌、虞卿商议，楼昌建议派地位高的使节与秦国媾和。虞卿反对说：“和与不和，控制权在秦国；秦国现在已下决心要大破赵军。我们即使去求和，秦国也不会同意。我们不如派出使者用贵重珍宝拉拢楚国、魏国。楚国、魏国一接受，秦国就会疑心各国重新结成了抗秦阵线，那时媾和才可成功。”赵王不听虞卿的意见，仍派郑朱赴秦国求和。秦国接待了郑朱。赵王便对虞卿说：“秦国接纳郑朱了。”虞卿说：“大王肯定见不到和谈成功而赵军就被击破了。为什么呢？各国都派使者赴秦国祝贺胜利，郑朱是赵国地位很高的人，秦王、应侯肯定会把郑朱来求和的事向各国宣扬，各国看到赵王派人去求和，便不会再出兵援救赵国；秦国知道赵国孤立无援，就愈发不肯讲和了。”不久，秦国果然大肆宣扬郑朱来使，而不与赵国进行和谈。"},"5-12-1":{"original":"秦数败赵兵，廉颇坚壁不出。赵王以颇失亡多而更怯不战，怒，数让之。应侯又使人行千金于赵为反间，曰：“秦之所畏，独畏马服君之子赵括为将耳！廉颇易与，且降矣！”赵王遂以赵括代颇将。蔺相如曰：“王以名使括，若胶柱鼓瑟耳。括徒能读其父书传，不知合变也。”王不听。初，赵括自少时学兵法，以天下莫能当；尝与其父奢言兵事，奢不能难，然不谓善。括母问其故，奢曰：“兵，死地也，而括易言之。使赵不将括则已；若必将之，破赵军者必括也。”乃括将行，其母上书，言括不可使。王曰：“何以？”对曰：“始妾事其父，时为将，身所奉饭而进食者以十数，所友者以百数，王及宗室所赏赐者，尽以与军吏士大夫；受命之日，不问家事。今括一旦为将，东乡而朝，军吏无敢仰视之者；王所赐金帛，归 藏于家，而日视便利田宅可买者买之。王以为如其父，父子异心，愿王勿遣！”王曰：“母置之，吾已决矣！”母因曰：“即如有不称，妾请无随坐！”赵王许之。","translated":"赵兵屡次被秦军打败，廉颇便下令坚守营垒，拒不出战。赵王以为廉颇损兵折将后更加胆怯，不敢迎敌，气愤得多次斥责他。应侯范睢又派人用千金去赵国施行反间计，散布说：“秦国所怕的，只是马服君赵奢的儿子赵括做大将。廉颇好对付，而且他也快投降了！”赵王中计，便用赵括代替廉颇为大将。蔺相如劝阻说：“大王因为赵括有些名气就重用他，这是粘住调弦的琴柱再弹琴呀！赵括只知道死读他父亲的兵书，不知道随机应变。”赵王仍是不听。起初，赵括从小学习兵法时，就自以为天下无人可比。他曾与父亲赵奢讨论兵法，赵奢也难不倒他，但终究不说他有才干。赵括的母亲询问原因，赵奢说：“带兵打仗，就是出生入死，而赵括谈起来却很随便。赵国不用他为大将也还罢了，如果一定要用他，灭亡赵军的必定是赵括。”待到赵括将要出发，他的母亲急忙上书，指出赵括不能重用。赵王问：“为什么？”回答说：“当年我侍奉赵括的父亲，他做大将时，亲自去捧着饭碗招待的有几十位，他的朋友有 几百人。大王及宗室王族给他的赏赐，他全部分发给将士。他自接受命令之日起，就不再理睬家事。而赵括刚刚做了大将，就向东高坐，接受拜见，大小军官没人敢抬头正脸看他。大王赏给他的金银绸缎，全部拿回家藏起来，每天忙于察看有什么良田美宅可买的就买下。大王您以为他像父亲，其实他们父子用心完全不同。请大王千万不要派他去。”赵王却说：“老太太你不用管，我已经决定了。”赵括母亲便说：“万一赵括出了什么差错，我请求不要连累我治罪。”赵王同意了赵母的请求。"},"5-12-2":{"original":"秦王闻括已为赵将，乃阴使武安君为上将军而王为裨将，令军中：“有敢泄武安君将者斩！”赵括至军，悉更约束，易置军吏，出兵击秦师。武安君佯败而走，张二奇兵以劫之 。赵括乘胜追造秦壁，壁坚拒不得入；奇兵二万五千人绝赵军之后，又五千骑绝赵壁间。赵军分而为二，粮道绝。武安君出轻兵击之，赵战不利，因筑壁坚守以待救至。秦王闻赵食道绝，自如河内发民年十五以上悉诣长平，遮绝赵救兵及粮食。齐人、楚人救赵。赵人乏食，请粟于齐，王弗许。周子曰：“夫赵之于齐、楚，捍蔽也，犹齿之有唇也，唇亡则齿寒；今日亡赵，明日患及齐、楚矣。救赵之务，宜若奉漏瓮沃焦釜然。且救赵，高义也；却秦师，显名也；义救亡国，威却强秦。不务为此而爱粟，为国计者过矣！”齐王弗听。九月，赵军食绝四十六日，皆内阴相杀食。急来攻垒，欲出为四队，四，五复之，不能 出。赵括自出锐卒搏战，秦人射杀之。赵师大败，卒四十万人皆降。武安君曰：“秦已拔上党，上党民不乐为秦而归赵。赵卒反覆，非尽杀之，恐为乱。”乃挟诈而尽坑杀之，遗其小者二百四十人归赵，前后斩首虏四十五万人；赵人大震。","translated":"秦王听说赵 括已经上任为大将，便暗中派武安君白起为上将军，改王为副将，下令军中：“谁敢泄露白起为上将军的消息，格杀勿论！”赵括到了赵军中，全部推翻原来的规定，调换军官，下令出兵攻击秦军。白起佯装战败退走，预先布置下两支奇兵准备截击。赵括乘胜追击，直达秦军营垒，秦军坚守，无法攻克。这时，秦军一支二万五千人的奇兵已切断了赵军的后路，另一支五千人的骑兵堵截住赵军返回营垒的通道，赵军被一分为二，粮道也断绝。武安君白起便下令精锐轻军前去袭击，赵军迎战失利，只好坚筑营垒等待救 兵。秦王听说赵军运粮通道已经切断，亲自到河内征发十五岁以上的百姓全部调往长平，阻断赵国救兵及运粮。齐国、楚国援救赵国。赵军缺乏粮食，向齐国请求接济，齐王不给。周子说：“赵国对于齐国、楚国来说，是一道屏障，就像牙齿外面的嘴唇，唇亡则齿寒。今天赵国灭亡了，明天灾祸就会降临齐国、楚国。援救赵国这件事，应该像捧着漏瓦罐去浇烧焦了的铁锅那样，刻不容缓。何况援救赵国是高尚的道义；抵抗秦军，是显示威名的好事。必须主持正义援救亡国，显示兵威击退强秦。不致力于此事反而爱惜粮食，这样为国家决策是个大错！”齐王仍是不听。九月，赵军已断粮四十六天，士兵们都在内部暗中残杀，互相吞吃。赵括穷急，便下令进攻秦军营垒，想派出四支队伍，轮番进攻，到第五次，仍无法突围。赵括亲自率领精兵上前肉搏，被秦兵射死。赵军于是全线崩溃，四十万士兵全部投降。白起说：“当初秦军已攻克上党，上党百姓却不愿归秦而去投奔赵国。赵国士兵反复无常，不全部杀掉，恐怕会有后乱。”于是使用奸计把赵国降兵全部活埋，只放出二百四十个年岁小的回到赵国，前后共杀死四十五万人，赵国大为震惊。"},"5-13-0":{"original":"[1]十月，武安君分军为三：王攻赵武安、皮牢，拔之。司马梗北定太原，尽有上党地。韩、魏使苏代厚币说应侯曰：“武安君即围邯郸乎？”曰：“然。”苏代曰：“赵亡则秦王王矣；武安君为三公，君能为之下乎？虽欲无为之下，固不得已矣。秦尝攻韩，围邢丘，困上党，上党之民皆反为赵，天下不乐为秦民之日久矣。今亡赵，北地入燕，东地入齐，南地入韩、魏，则君之所得民无几何人矣。不如因而割之，无以为武安君功也。”应侯言于秦王曰：“秦兵劳，请许韩、赵之割地以和，且休士卒。”王听之，割韩垣雍、赵六城以和，正月，皆罢兵。武安君由是与应侯有隙。","translated":"[1]十月，武安君白起把军队分为三支；王率军进攻赵国武安、皮牢，予以攻克。司马梗向北平定太原，全部占据上党地区。韩国、魏国派苏代用丰厚金银去劝说应侯范睢：“白起是否立即就要围攻邯郸？”范睢说：“是的。”苏代劝道：“赵国一亡，秦王便可以称王天下了；那时武安君白起将列入三公高位，您能甘心在他之下吗？即使不愿意屈居其下，也不得不如此了。秦国曾攻击韩国，围攻邢丘，困死上党，上党的百姓反而都去投奔赵国，天下人不愿做秦国的臣民，由来已久。现在把赵国灭亡了，北部地区的人逃到燕国，东部地区的人奔往齐国，南部地区的人流入韩国、魏国，你们能控制的老百姓就没有几个人了。你们不如乘势割去赵国的一些领土，就此罢手，不要让白起独享大功。”范睢动心，便向秦王建议：“秦兵已经疲惫不堪，请允许韩国、赵 国割地求和，让将士们暂时休息一下。”秦王听从了他的劝告，同意割韩国的垣雍、赵国的六座城后讲和。正月，双方都停战罢兵。白起从此与范睢产生矛盾。"},"5-13-1":{"original":"赵王将使赵郝约事于秦，割六县。虞卿谓赵王曰：“秦之攻王也，倦而归乎？王以其力尚能进，爱王而弗攻乎？”王曰：“秦不遗馀力矣，必以倦而归也。”虞卿曰：“秦以其力攻其所不能取，倦而归，王又以其力之所不能取以送之，是助秦自攻也。来年秦攻王，王无救矣。”赵王计未定，楼缓至赵，赵王与之 计之。楼缓曰：“虞卿得其一，不得其二。秦、赵构难而天下皆说，何也？曰：‘吾且因强而乘弱矣。’今赵不如亟割地为和以疑天下，慰秦之心。不然，天下将因秦之怒，乘赵之敝，瓜分之，赵且亡，何秦之图乎！”虞卿闻之，复见曰：“危哉楼子之计，是愈疑天下，而何慰秦之心哉！独不言其示天下弱乎？且臣言勿与者，非固勿与而已也；秦索六城于王，而王以六城赂齐。齐，秦之深雠也，其听王不待辞之毕也。则是王失之于齐而取偿于秦，而示天下有能为也。王以此发声，兵未窥于境，臣见秦之重赂至赵而反媾于王也。从秦为媾，韩、魏闻之 ，必尽重王，是王一举而结三国之亲而与秦易道也。”赵王曰：“善。”使虞卿东见齐王，与之谋秦。虞卿未返，秦使者已在赵矣。楼缓闻之，亡去。赵王封虞卿以一城。","translated":"赵王准备派赵郝赴秦国订立和约，允以割让六个县。虞卿对赵王说：“秦国进攻赵国，是因为疲倦了自行撤退呢？还是余力尚能进攻，由于钟爱大王而不再进兵了呢？”赵王说：“秦国想灭掉赵国已是不遗余力，现在当然是因为疲倦了才退去。”虞卿说：“秦国用全部力量来进攻它不能得手的赵国，疲倦了才退去；那么大王您又把它力所不能夺取的地盘献上，实际上帮助秦国来进攻自己。明年秦国再来攻打赵国，大王您就没救了。”赵王尚未拿定主意，楼缓来到了赵国，赵王便与他商议。楼缓说：“虞卿只知其一，不知其二。秦国、赵国互相征战，各国都很高兴，为什么呢？他们会说：‘我们可借着强国去获益于弱国。’现在赵国不如马上割地给秦国，一方面安慰了秦国，一方面使各国疑心秦、赵之间已达成默契，不敢再算计赵国。不然的话，各国将借着秦国的怒气，趁着赵国的疲惫不堪，群起而瓜分。赵国就要灭亡，还谈得上什么对付秦国！”虞卿听说这番话，又来见赵王说：“楼缓的计策太危险了！这样做更会使天下猜疑赵国，又哪里能安慰秦国的贪心呢！他为什么只字不提这样做是向天下暴露了赵国的怯懦？再说，我建议不割地给秦国，并非主张绝对不能割地；秦国向您索要六座城，大王却可以拿这六个城去贿赂齐国。齐国是秦国的世代仇家，齐王一定不会等到赵国使臣告辞就答应出兵，于是大王您虽然割地给了齐国，却可以从进攻秦国得到补偿，而且向天下显示赵国尚有所作为。大王如果以此先发制人，那么大兵还未开到边境，就会看到秦国派出使臣带着丰厚礼物，反而来向您讲和。那时再答应秦国的讲和要求，韩国、魏国知道了，一定会对赵国刮目相看，于是大王您一举而与三国结下友好，和秦国交涉也就主动了。”赵王说：“对。”便派虞卿赴东方去见齐王，与他商议联合对付秦国。虞卿尚未回国，秦国果然已经派使者来到赵国了。楼缓见此情形，只好逃离赵国。赵王封给虞卿一座城市。"},"5-13-2":{"original":"秦之始伐赵也，魏王问于大夫，皆以为秦伐赵，于魏便。孔斌曰：“何谓也？”曰：“胜赵，则吾因而服焉；不胜赵，则可承敝而击之。”子顺曰：“不然，秦自孝公以来，战未尝屈，今又属其良将，何敝之承！”大夫曰：“纵其胜赵，于我何损？邻之羞，国之福也。”子顺曰：“秦，贪暴之国也，胜赵，必复他求，吾恐于时魏受其师也。先人有言：燕雀处屋，子母相哺，焉相乐也，自以为安矣。灶突炎上，栋宇将焚，燕雀颜不变，不知祸之将及己也。今子不悟赵破患将及己，可以人而同于燕雀乎！”子顺者，孔子六世孙也。初，魏王闻子顺贤，遣使者奉黄金束帛，聘以为相。子顺曰：“若王能信用吾道，吾道固为治世也，虽蔬食饮水，吾犹为之。若徒欲制服吾身，委以重禄，吾犹一夫耳，魏王奚少于一夫！”使者固请，子顺乃之魏；魏王郊迎以为相。子顺改嬖宠之官以事贤才，夺无任之禄以赐有功。诸丧职者咸不悦，乃造谤言。文咨以告子顺。子顺曰：“民之不可与虑始久矣！古之善为政者，其初不能无谤。子产相郑，三年而后谤止；吾先君之相鲁，三月而后谤止。今吾为政日新，虽不能及贤，庸知谤乎！”文咨曰：“未识先君之谤何也？”子顺曰：“先君相鲁，人诵之曰：‘裘而芾，投之无戾。芾而裘，投之无邮。’及三月，政化既成，民又诵曰：‘裘衣章甫，实获我所。章甫裘衣，惠我无私。’”文咨喜曰：“乃今知先生不异乎圣贤矣。”子顺相魏凡九月，陈大计辄不用，乃喟然曰：“言不见用，是吾言之不当也。言不当于主，居人之官，食人之禄，是尸利素餐，吾罪深矣！”退而以病致仕。人谓子顺曰：“王不用子，子其行乎？”答曰：“行将何之？山东之国将并于秦；秦为不义，义所不入。”遂寝于家。新垣固请子顺曰：“贤者所在，必兴化致治。今子相魏，未闻异政而即自退，意者志不得乎，何去之速也？”子顺曰：“以无异政，所以自退也。且死病无良医。今秦有吞食天下之心，以义事之，固不获安；救亡不暇，何化之兴！昔伊挚在夏，吕望在商，而二国不治，岂伊、吕之不欲哉？势不可也。当今山东之国敝而不振，三晋割地以求安，二周折而入秦，燕、齐、楚已屈服矣。以此观之，不出二十年，天下其尽为秦乎！”","translated":"秦国攻打赵国之初，魏王征求群臣对此事的对策，大家都认为秦国进攻赵国，是对魏国有利的事。孔斌却质问：“为什么这样说？”回答是：“秦国战胜赵国，我们也顺势向它屈服；如果秦国打不赢赵国，我们就趁它疲惫不堪予以攻击。”孔斌反驳说：“不对。秦国自从秦孝公以来，没打过败仗，现在又重用良将白起，哪里有疲惫可让我们趁？”有个大夫说：“即使秦国战胜赵国，那对我们魏国有什么坏处呢？邻国的羞辱难堪，正是我国的幸运福气啊！”孔斌又反驳道：“秦国，是个贪婪暴虐的国家，一旦战胜了赵国，必定要把矛头转向其他国家。我担心那时魏国就将面临秦军的攻击了。古人说过：燕雀筑窝在屋檐下，母鸟哺育小鸟，叽叽喳喳地都很快乐，自己以为很安适。灶上烟筒忽然窜起火苗，高大的房屋即将被焚，而燕雀面不改色，不知道灾祸就要殃及。现在你不明白，赵国一旦灭亡，灾难就会降临魏国的形势，难道人和燕雀一样吗？”孔斌，是孔子的第六世后人。当初，魏王听说孔斌贤明，便派使者携带黄金绸缎，聘请他为相。孔斌说：“如果大王能够采纳我的方针，可以为大王安邦治世，即使让我吃蔬菜，喝凉水，我也愿意。如果只是让我穿上一身贵服，供以丰厚俸禄，那我就是一个普通老百姓，魏王哪里会缺少一个老百姓呢！”使者再三延请，孔斌才前往魏国，魏王亲自出城迎接，拜他为相。孔斌便撤换了一批靠关系受宠的官员，代之以贤良人才；剥夺去不干事者的俸禄，转赐给有功之臣。那些失去职位的人都不高兴，于是制造出谣言。文咨把这些话告诉了孔斌。孔斌说：“从来不能与老百姓共商创业大事！古代善于治理政事的人，起初时都免不了被诽谤。子产在郑国做相，三年以后流言蜚语才停止。我的祖先孔子在鲁国做相，也是三个月以后诽谤才终止的。现在我每日改革政事，虽然赶不上前代圣贤，难道还考虑诽谤之言！”文咨问：“不知道当年对尊祖上有什么诽谤？”孔斌说：“先祖在鲁国任相，有人唱道：‘穿鹿皮袍的权贵，抓起他来没有罪；权贵穿着鹿皮袍，抓起他来都叫好。’等到三个月以后，风气教化逐渐调养成型，百姓们又唱道：‘穿皮衣，戴殷帽，我们的心事他想到；戴殷帽，穿皮衣，一心为民不为己。’”文咨高兴地赞叹说：“我今天才知道先生您与古圣贤相比也不差。”孔斌在魏国任相共九个月，每次提出重大的建议都不被魏王采用，于是喟然长叹：“建议不被采纳，是我的建议有不合适的地方，建议不合君主的心意，我再做他的官，享用他的俸禄，是不做事白吃饭，我的罪过也太大了！”说完便称病辞去职务。有人对孔斌说：“魏王不用你，你为什么不到别处去呢？”孔斌回答：“到哪里去呢？崤山以东的各国都将被秦国吞并；秦国的行为不仁不义，我决不去那里。”于是在家休养。新垣固问孔斌：“圣贤所到之处，必定是振兴教化、修明政治。而你在魏国做相，没听说干出什么特殊的政绩就自行引退了，猜想你是不是不得志？否则为什么那么快就辞职呢？”孔斌说：“正因为没有特殊的政绩，所以自己引退了。而且在不治之症面前，显不出好医生的本领。现在秦国有吞并天下之心，用仁义之道去事奉它，自然是得不到什么安全；所以，当今拯救危亡都来不及，还侈谈什么振兴教化！当年伊尹曾做过夏朝的官，吕望曾做过商朝的官，但这两个王朝最终无法救药，难道是伊尹、吕望不愿意吗？实在是因为大势已不可挽回。现在崤山以东各国都疲惫不堪、萎靡不振，韩、赵、魏三国争相割地以求偷安，二周折腰归顺秦国，燕国、齐国、楚国也屈服了。由此预见，不出二十年，天下都将归秦国所有了！”"},"5-13-3":{"original":"[2]秦王欲为应侯必报其仇，闻魏齐在平原君所，乃为好言诱平原君至秦而执之。遣使谓赵王曰：“不得齐首，吾不出王弟于关！”魏齐穷，抵虞卿，虞卿弃相印，与魏齐偕亡。至魏，欲因信陵君以走楚。信陵君意难见之，魏齐怒，自杀。赵王卒取其首以与秦，秦乃归平原君。九月，五大夫王陵复将兵伐赵。武安君病，不任行。","translated":"[2]秦王想为应侯范睢报仇雪恨，听说魏齐逃到了赵国平原君赵胜家，便用花言巧语诱骗赵胜到秦国，把他扣留起来，并且派出使臣对赵王说：“不得到魏齐的人头，我决不放你的弟弟赵胜出关。”魏齐无可奈何，走投无路，只好去找虞卿，虞卿舍弃了相印，与魏齐一起逃走。到了魏国，他们想借助信陵君魏无忌，逃到楚国去。信陵君十分为难，没有立即与他们见面。魏齐非常悲愤，便自杀了。赵王于是取到魏齐的人头去献给秦国，秦王才下令放回平原君。九月，秦国又派五大夫王陵再次率军征伐赵国。武安君白起因患病，不能前去。"},"5-14-0":{"original":"[1]正月，王陵攻邯郸，少利，益发卒佐陵；陵亡五校。武安君病愈，王欲使代之。武安君曰：“邯郸实未易攻也；且诸侯之救日至。彼诸侯怨秦之日久矣，秦虽胜于长平，士卒死者过半，国内空，远绝河山而争人国都；赵应其内，诸侯攻其外，破秦军必矣。”王自命不行，乃使应侯请之。武安君终辞疾，不肯行；乃以王代王陵。","translated":"[1]正月，王陵进攻邯郸，几次失利，秦王便征发更多的兵丁去支援王陵；王陵损失了五校，仍不能胜。这时武安君白起病愈，秦王想派他去替代王陵。白起却说：“邯郸实在是不容易攻下的，而且诸侯救兵一天便可到达。那些国家对秦国的怨恨已经积蓄很久了。秦国虽然在长平一战大获全胜，但自己士兵也死亡过半，国内空虚，再长途跋涉去远攻别人的国都，这时如果赵国在内抵抗，各国在外围进攻，秦军必然大败。”秦王见亲自下命令不行，又让应侯范睢去劝说白起。白起始终以病坚决推辞，不肯前去，于是秦王只得派王去代替王陵。"},"5-14-1":{"original":"赵王使平原君求救于楚，平原君约其门下食客文武备具者二十人与之俱，得十九人，馀无可取者。毛遂自荐于平原君。平原君曰：“夫贤士之处世也，譬若锥之处囊中，其末立见。今先生处胜之门下三年于此矣，左右未有所称诵，胜未有所闻，是先生无所有也。先生不能，先生留！”毛遂曰：“臣乃今日请处囊中耳！使遂蚤得处囊中，乃脱颖而出，非特其末见而已。”平原君乃与之俱，十九人相与目笑之。平原君至楚，与楚王言合从之利害，日出而言之，日中不决。毛遂按剑历阶而上，谓平原君曰：“从之利害，两言而决耳！今日出而言，日中不决，何也？”楚王怒叱曰：“胡不下！吾乃与而君言，汝何为者也？”毛遂按剑而前曰：“王之所以叱遂者，以楚国之众也。今十步之内，王不得恃楚国之众也！王之命悬于遂手。吾君在前，叱者何也？且遂闻汤以七十里之地王天下，文王以百里之壤而臣诸侯，岂其士卒众多哉？诚能据其势而奋其威也。今楚地方五千里，持戟百万，此霸王之资也。以楚之强，天下弗能当。白起，小竖子耳，率数万之众，兴师以与楚战，一战而举鄢、郢，再战而烧夷陵，三战而辱王之先人，此百世之怨而赵之所羞，而王弗之恶焉。合从者为楚，非为赵也。吾君在前，叱者何也？”楚王曰：“唯唯，诚若先生之言，谨奉社稷以从。”毛遂曰：“从定乎？”楚王曰：“定矣。”毛遂谓楚王之左右曰：“取鸡、狗、马之血来！”毛遂奉铜盘而跪进之楚王曰：“王当歃血以定从；次者吾君，次者遂。”遂定从于殿上。毛遂左手持盘血而右手招十九人曰：“公等相与歃此血于堂下！公等录录，所谓‘因人成事’者也。”平原君已定从而归，至于赵，曰：“胜不敢相天下士矣！”遂以毛遂为上客。","translated":"赵王派平原君赵胜到楚国去求救，赵胜准备挑选门下食客中文武双全的二十个人一起前往，但只挑出十九个，剩下的都不足取。这时有个叫毛遂的人向赵胜自我推荐。赵胜说：“贤良人才为人处世，好比锥子在口袋中，锥尖立即能露出来。如今先生来到我赵胜门下已经三年，我左右的人没有谁称赞过你，我也未听说过你的作为，说明先生没有什么长处，先生不能干，先生留下吧！”毛遂说道：“我不过今天才请你把我放到口袋里而已！如果早把我放进去，我早就脱颖而出了，岂止是露出个锥尖呢！”平原君赵胜于是让毛遂一同赴楚，另外十九个人都相视嘲笑他。赵胜到了楚国，向楚王阐述联合抗秦的必要性，从太阳升起时开始谈，一直谈到中午，楚王仍是犹豫不决。毛遂于是手按宝剑顺着台阶走上去，对平原君说：“联合抗秦的重要性，‘利’、‘害’两个字可以说清楚，作出决定！现在从日出时谈起，到中午还不能决断，是什么原因？”楚王怒斥毛遂道：“还不赶快滚下去，我和你的主人说话，你算是什么东西？”毛遂按着剑又上前几步说：“大王你之所以斥责我，是仗着楚国人多势众。现在咱们相距在十步以内，你不可能依仗楚国人多势众了！你的性命在我的手中。在我的主人面前，你为什么喝斥我？我毛遂听说商朝开国的汤王以七十里地方为开端，终于称王天下；周朝创业的周文王仅凭着一百里土地，使诸侯臣服。他们难道是仗着兵多将广、人多势众吗？只不过是顺应历史大势、振奋扬威而已。现在楚国有五千里广地，持戟战士一百万，这是称王称霸的资本呀！以楚国的强大，各国都难以抵挡。白起，不过是个小人物，带着几万兵，兴师动众与楚国作战，一战就夺去鄢、郢两城，再战便火烧夷陵，三战已将楚国宗庙平毁，侮辱楚王祖先。这是百世难解的仇怨，连赵国都替你羞愧，而大王却不以为难堪。现在提倡联合抗秦，实在是为了楚国，不是为赵国啊！我的主人在面前，你还喝斥我什么？”楚王只好说：“是的是的，正像先生指教的那样，我愿意以全国的力量与你们合作。”毛遂便说：“联合之事确定了吗？”楚王说：“确定了。”毛遂便对楚王左右随从说：“取鸡、狗、马的血来！”毛遂举起铜盘跪着上前对楚王说：“请大王歃血宣誓订立同盟，其次是我的主人，再次是我毛遂。”于是在大殿上订立了抗秦同盟。这时毛遂又左手持铜盘右手对随行的十九人招呼说：“你们也在堂下一起歃血宣誓吧！你们跟来跟去，还是靠着别人才办成了事情。”平原君赵胜与楚国订立盟约后回到赵国，叹息说：“从今后我不敢再说能识别天下人才了！”于是奉毛遂为上等宾客。"},"5-14-2":{"original":"于是楚王使春申君将兵救赵，魏王亦使将军晋鄙将兵十万救赵。秦王使谓魏王曰：“吾攻赵，旦暮且下，诸侯敢救之者，吾已拔赵，必移兵先击之！”魏王恐，遣人止晋鄙，留兵壁邺，名为救赵，实挟两端。又使将军新垣衍间入邯郸，因平原君说赵王，欲共尊秦为帝，以却其兵。齐人鲁仲连在邯郸，闻之，往见新垣衍曰：“彼秦者，弃礼义而上首功之国也。彼即肆然而为帝于天下，则连有蹈东海而死耳，不愿为之民也！且梁未睹秦称帝之害故耳，吾将使秦王烹醢梁王！”新垣衍怏然不悦曰：“先生恶能使秦王烹醢梁王？”鲁仲连曰：“固也，吾将言之。昔者九侯、鄂侯、文王，纣之三公也。九侯有子而好，献之于纣，纣以为恶，醢九侯；鄂侯争之强，辩之疾，故脯鄂侯；文王闻之，喟然而叹，故拘之牖里之库百日，欲令之死。今秦，万乘之国也，梁，亦万乘之国也；俱据万乘之国，各有称王之名，奈何睹其一战而胜，欲从而帝之，卒就脯醢之地乎！且秦无已而帝，则将行其天子之礼以号令于天下，则且变易诸侯之大臣，彼将夺其所不肖而与其所贤，夺其所憎而与其所爱，彼又将使其子女谗妾为诸侯妃姬，处梁之宫，梁王安得晏然而已乎！而将军又何以得故宠乎！”新垣衍起，再拜曰：“吾乃今知先生天下之士也！吾请出，不敢复言帝秦矣！”","translated":"订立同盟后，楚王便派春申君黄歇率军救赵，魏王也令大将晋鄙统兵十万来救赵。秦王派人对魏王说：“我攻打赵国，早晚就会攻下，各国中谁敢来救赵国，我灭了赵国以后，必定调动大军先进攻它！”魏王惧怕，派人去让晋鄙停止前进，屯兵邺城坚守，名义上说是来救赵，实际上脚踩两边。魏王又派将军新垣衍潜入邯郸，通过平原君去劝说赵王，打算共同尊秦王为帝，以使他罢兵。齐国人士鲁仲连正在邯郸，听说此事，便来见新垣衍说：“那个秦国，是鄙弃礼义伦常而崇尚杀人立功的国家。如果它能公然称帝于天下各国，我鲁仲连只有去跳东海而死，绝不做秦国的臣民！况且，魏国还没有看到秦王称帝以后给它带来的危害，我将让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱。”新垣衍怏怏不快地问鲁仲连：“你哪儿能让秦王把魏王煮成肉酱呢？”鲁仲连说：“确实如此，听我慢慢说来。当年九侯、鄂侯、文王，是商纣王朝廷里的三公。九侯有个女儿，容貌姣好，将她献给纣王，纣王厌恶她，就把九侯剁成肉酱。鄂侯极力为九侯辩护，疾声呼冤，所以被纣王做成肉干；周文王听说了，只是喟然长叹，也被关押在牖里的仓库达一百天，想让他死。现在的秦国，是拥有万乘兵车的大国，魏国，也是同样的大国；都据有雄厚的国家实力，各自有称王的名位，为什么看到秦国打胜了一次战役，就想听从它的指挥，尊秦王为帝，从而使自己落到被人宰割做成肉酱的地步呢！如果秦王未被制止而称帝，就将施行天子的礼仪，号令于天下各国，并且将更换各国君主的大臣。他将剥夺他所看不起的人职位，转授给他所器重的人；他将剥夺他所憎恨的人职位，转授给他所宠爱的人；他又将使秦国的女子和惯说坏话的妾姬，指令婚配给各国君主。设想这些人在大梁宫殿中，魏王还能泰然处之吗？而将军你又有什么办法能保住在君主面前的旧日恩宠呢？”新垣衍听完心惊，离座再次拜谢说：“我今天才知道先生是天下高士啊！我这就告辞回国，不敢再提尊秦为帝的话了。”"},"5-14-3":{"original":"[2]燕武成王薨，子孝王立。","translated":"[2]燕国燕武成王去世，其子即位为燕孝王。"},"5-14-4":{"original":"[3]初，魏公子无忌仁而下士，致食客三千人。魏有隐士曰侯嬴，年七十，家贫，为大梁夷门监者。公子置酒大会宾客，坐定，公子从车骑虚左自迎侯生。侯生摄敝衣冠，直上载公子上坐不让；公子执辔愈恭。侯生又谓公子曰：“臣有客在市屠中，愿枉车骑过之。”公子引车入市，侯生下见其客朱亥，睥睨，故久立，与其客语，微察公子，公子色愈和；乃谢客就车，至公子家。公子引侯生坐上坐，遍赞宾客，宾客皆惊。及秦围赵，赵平原君之夫人，公子无忌之姊也，平原君使者冠盖相属于魏，让公子曰：“胜所以自附于婚姻者，以公子之高义，能急人之困也。今邯郸旦暮降秦而魏救不至，纵公子轻胜弃之，独不怜公子姊邪！”公子患之，数请魏王敕晋鄙令救赵，及宾客辩士游说万端，王终不听。公子乃属宾客约车骑百馀乘，欲赴斗以死于赵；过夷门，见侯生。侯生曰：“公子勉之矣，老臣不能从！”公子去，行数里，心不快，复还见侯生。侯生笑曰：“臣固知公子之还也！今公子无他端而欲赴秦军，譬如以肉投馁虎，何功之有！”公子再拜问计。侯嬴屏人曰：“吾闻晋鄙兵符在王卧内，而如姬最幸，力能窃之。尝闻公子为如姬报其父仇，如姬欲为公子死无所辞。公子诚一开口，则得虎符，夺晋鄙之兵，北救赵，西却秦，此五伯之功也。”公子如其言，果得兵符。公子行，侯生曰：“将在外，君令有所不受。有如晋鄙合符而不授兵，复请之，则事危矣。臣客朱亥，其人力士，可与俱。晋鄙若听，大善；不听，可使击之！”于是公子请朱亥与俱。至邺，晋鄙合符，疑之，举手视公子曰：“吾拥十万之众屯于境上，今单车来代之，何如哉？”朱亥袖四十斤铁椎，椎杀晋鄙，公子遂勒兵下令军中曰：“父子俱在军中者，父归！兄弟俱在军中者，兄归！独子无兄弟者，归养！”得选兵八万人，将之而进。","translated":"[3]当初，魏国公子魏无忌为人仁义而礼贤下士，收养食客三千人。魏国有个隐士名叫侯嬴，已经七十岁，家中贫穷，在魏都大梁任夷门守门官吏。一次，公子魏无忌设置盛大酒宴，招待宾客，来客已经坐定，魏无忌却吩咐备齐车马，空着左边位置，亲自去接侯嬴。侯嬴穿戴旧衣破帽，跳上车子，昂然上坐，也不谦让。魏无忌亲自驾车，更加恭敬。半途，侯嬴又对魏无忌说：“我有个朋友在集市上当屠户，请让车子绕到他那里去一下。”魏无忌指挥车子进了集市，侯嬴下车见到朋友朱亥，故意久久地站在那里与他谈话；同时微微 斜视魏无忌，只见他态度仍然十分谦和，于是告辞朋友登车，到了魏无忌府第。魏无忌引侯嬴坐在上座，向各位宾客介绍称赞他，宾客们都很惊讶。这时秦兵围困赵国首都邯郸，赵国平原君赵胜的夫人，是魏无忌的姐姐。赵胜派到魏国求救的使者车马接连不断，指责魏无忌说：“赵胜我之所以与您联成姻亲，就是仰慕您的高尚道义，能够急人之危。现在邯郸早晚要落入秦国手中而魏国援兵裹足不前，即使您看不起我赵胜鄙弃我，难道也不可怜您的姐姐吗？”魏无忌十分焦急，多次请魏王命令大将晋鄙进兵救赵，又派门下能说善辩的宾客百般游说，然而魏王始终不为所动。魏无忌只好聚集门下宾客百余乘车马，准备赴赵国以死相拼。他路过夷门，去见侯嬴。侯嬴只淡淡地说：“公子您好自为之吧，我老了不能前去！”魏无忌离开后，走了数里，心中闷闷不快，又转回去见侯嬴。侯嬴笑着说：“我早就知道公子会回来！如今您没有别的办法而亲身去迎战秦军，好比用肉去投打饿虎，能有什么结果！”魏无忌于是下车再拜请教计策。侯嬴屏退左右随从悄声说道：“我听说晋鄙的调兵兵符在魏王卧室里，他最宠爱的如姬，有办法偷出来。曾听说公子您为如姬报过杀父之仇，如姬表示愿意为您办事，万死不辞。公子只要一开口，就可以得到调兵的虎符，夺去晋鄙的兵权，北上救赵，西抗强秦，建立五霸的功业了。”魏无忌照他的办法去做，果然拿到了兵符。临行前，侯嬴又说：“大将出征在外，君王的命令可以不接受。假如晋鄙以此合验兵符后仍不交出兵权，再向魏王请示，那事情就危险了。我的朋友朱亥，是个勇猛力士，可以与您一齐去。晋鄙如果听从，最好不过。如果不听从，可以让朱亥打死他！”于是魏无忌又邀请朱亥前去。到了邺城，晋鄙合验兵符后，仍很怀疑，摆手看着魏无忌说：“我率领十万大军在边境驻扎，而你只孤身单车前来替代我，是怎么回事呢？”朱亥立即从袖中掣出四十斤重的铁锥，打死晋鄙，魏无忌便部署军队，下令说：“父子两人都在军队中的，父亲可以回去！兄弟两人都在军队中的，哥哥可以回去！独子一个没有兄弟的，可以回去奉养父母！”于是选定八万士兵，挥军前进。"},"5-14-5":{"original":"王久围邯郸不拔，诸侯来救，战数不利。武安君闻之曰：“王不听吾计，今何如矣？”王闻之，怒，强起武安君。武安君称病笃，不肯起。","translated":"王围困邯郸已久，不能攻克，与各国救兵几次作战，也均失利。武安君白起听说后说：“大王不听我的建议，现在怎么办？”秦王听到此话，恼羞成怒，强令武安君前去统兵，白起又称病重，不肯起身。"},"5-15-0":{"original":"[1]十月，免武安君为士伍，迁之阴密。十二月，益发卒军汾城旁。武安君病，未行，诸侯攻王，数却，使者日至，王乃使人遣武安君，不得留咸阳中。武安君出咸阳西门十里，至杜邮。王与应侯群臣谋曰：“白起之迁，意尚怏怏有馀言。”王乃使使者赐之剑，武安君遂自杀。秦人怜之，乡邑皆祭祀焉。","translated":"[1]十月，秦王免除白起官爵，贬为士兵，把他迁到阴密。十二月，秦王调动更多士兵驻扎在汾城旁。被贬为士兵的白起因病，未能出征。各国援军向王进攻，王几次败退，告急使者往返于秦国，秦王羞恼，于是派人驱赶白起，不让他再滞留在咸阳城中。白起起身出了咸阳西门十里，到达杜邮。秦王又与应侯范睢等群臣议论说：“白起迁走时，怏怏不服，还有别的怨言。”秦王便派使者前去赐给他宝剑示意自裁，白起于是自杀。秦国人可怜他，城乡都祭祀他的灵位。"},"5-15-1":{"original":"魏公子无忌大破秦师于邯郸下，王解邯郸围走。郑安平为赵所困，将二万人降赵，应侯由是得罪。","translated":"魏无忌率领援军在邯郸城下大破秦军，王撤除邯郸围军退走。另一秦将郑安平被赵军包围，率领二万人投降赵国，重用郑安平的范睢因此也被秦王治罪。"},"5-15-2":{"original":"公子无忌既存赵，遂不敢归魏，与宾客留居赵，使将将其军还魏。赵王与平原君计，以五城封公子。赵王扫除自迎，执主人之礼，引公子就西阶。公子侧行辞让，从东阶上，自言罪过，以负于魏，无功于赵。赵王与公子饮至暮，口不忍献五城，以公子退让也。赵王以为公子汤沐邑。魏亦复以信陵奉公子。公子闻赵有处士毛公隐于博徒，薛公隐于卖浆家，欲见之；两人不肯见，公子乃间步从之游。平原君闻而非之。公子曰：“吾闻平原君之贤，故背魏而救 赵。今平原君所与游，徒豪举耳，不求士也。以无忌从此两人游，尚恐其不我欲也，平原君乃以为羞乎！”为装欲去。平原君免冠谢，乃止。","translated":"魏无忌救下赵国以后，也不敢再回魏国，与门下宾客留在赵国居住，派将军指挥军队回国。赵王与平原君赵胜商议，用五个城来赐封魏无忌。赵王布置打扫，亲自前去迎接魏无忌，以主人的礼节对待，引他由西面台阶登上大殿。魏无忌侧着身子辞让，从降一等级的东面台阶走上，自己口中说着罪过罪过，已经辜负了魏国，又对赵国没有什么功劳。赵王与魏无忌一直饮酒到天黑，因为魏无忌过于谦让，赵王始终不好意思说出送给他五个城的事。最后，赵王把城送给魏无忌，做为汤沐邑。后来，魏国也仍把魏无忌的原封地信陵送还给他。魏无忌听说赵国有个高士毛公隐居在赌徒之中，还有个薛公隐居在卖酒人家，想与他们见面，两人不肯见，魏无忌便徒步前去拜访，同他们出游。平原君赵胜听说后，不以为然。魏无忌便说：“我听说平原君是个贤德之人，才背弃魏国前去援救赵国。现在看他与一些人结交出游，只不过是阔绰的举动，不是为访求人才。我魏无忌跟着毛、薛二位出游，心里还直怕他们不愿意接纳我，平原君竟然认为这是羞耻！”于是整备行装，想离开赵国。赵胜急忙前去摘下帽子谢罪，魏无忌才留下。"},"5-15-3":{"original":"平原君欲封鲁连，使者三返，终不肯受。又以千金为鲁连寿，鲁连笑曰：“所贵于天下士，为人排患释难解纷乱而无取也。即有取，是商贾之事也！”遂辞平原君而去，终身不复见。","translated":"平原君又想封赏鲁仲连，使者三次前往，他都不肯接受。赵胜又送去千金为鲁仲连祝寿，鲁仲连笑着说：“天下名士最看重的是，为别人排除困难、解决纠纷而无所要求。如果有所谋取，那就是商人的行为了！”于是告别平原君赵胜而离去，终身不再来见他。"},"5-15-4":{"original":"[2]秦太子之妃曰华阳夫人，无子；夏姬生子异人。异人质于赵；秦数伐赵，赵人不礼之。异人以庶 孽孙质于诸侯，车乘进用不饶，居处困不得意。","translated":"[2]秦国太子的夫人名叫华阳夫人，没有儿子；另一个夏姬生有儿子嬴异人。异人在赵国作人质，秦国几次攻打赵国，赵国人因此对他很不友善。异人又因为是秦王的庶孙，在国外作人质，车马及日常供给都不充盈，生活窘困，郁郁不得志。"},"5-15-5":{"original":"阳翟大贾吕不韦适邯郸，见之，曰：“此奇货可居！”乃往见异人，说曰：“吾能大子之门！”异人笑曰：“且自大君之门！”不韦曰：“子不知也，吾门待子门而大。”异人心知所谓，乃引与坐，深语。不韦曰：“秦王老矣。太子爱华阳夫人，夫人无子。子之兄弟二十馀人，子有秦国之业，士仓又 辅之。子居中，不甚见幸，久质诸侯。太子即位，子不得争为嗣矣。”异人曰：“然则柰何？”不韦曰：“能立适嗣者，独华阳夫人耳。不韦虽贫，请以千金为子西游，立子为嗣。”异人曰：“必如君策，请得分秦国与君共之。”不韦乃以五百金与异人，令结宾客。复以五百金买奇物玩好，自奉而西，见华阳夫人之姊，而以奇物献于夫人，因誉子异人之贤，宾客遍天下，常日夜泣思太子及夫人，曰：“异人也以夫人为天！”夫人大喜。不韦因使其姊说夫人曰：“夫以色事人者，色衰则爱弛。今夫人爱而无子，不以繁华时蚤自结于诸子中贤孝者，举以为适，即色衰爱弛，虽欲开一言，尚可得乎！今子异人贤，而自知中子不得为适，夫人诚以此时拔之，是子异人无国而有国，夫人无子而有子也，则终身有宠于秦矣。”夫人以为然，承间言于太子曰：“子异人绝贤，来往者皆称誉之。”因泣曰：“妾不幸无子，愿得子异人立以为子以托妾身！”太子许之，与夫人刻玉符，约以为嗣，因厚馈遗异人，而请吕不韦傅之。异人名誉盛于诸侯。","translated":"阳翟有个大商人吕不韦去邯郸，见到嬴异人，说：“这是可以屯积起来卖好价钱的奇货呀！”于是前去拜见异人，说：“我可以提高你的门第！”异人笑着说：“你先提高自己的门第吧！”吕不韦说：“你不知道，我的门第要靠你的门第来提高。”异人心中知道他有所指，便邀他一起坐 下深谈。吕不韦说：“秦王老了。太子宠爱华阳夫人，而华阳夫人却没有儿子。你兄弟二十余人中，子是长子，有继承秦国的条件，又有士仓辅佐他。你排行居中，不太受重视，长久在外做人质。如果太子即位做秦王，你很难争得继承人的地位。”异人说：“那怎么办呢？”吕不韦说：“能够确立嫡子继承人的，只有华阳夫人。我吕不韦虽然不算富，也愿意拿出千金为你到西边去游说，让她立你为继承人。”异人说：“如果能实现你说的计划，我愿意分割秦国与你共享。”吕不韦于是拿出五百金给异人，让他广交天下宾客，又有五百金置买奇宝珍玩，自己携带前去秦国。他见到华阳夫人的姐姐，通过她把珍宝献给华阳夫人，趁机称赞异人贤明，宾客遍天下，常常日夜哭着思念太子和华阳夫人，说：“异人把夫人当做自己的上天！”华阳夫人听了大喜，吕不韦又通过她姐姐劝说华阳夫人：“靠容貌侍奉别人，年老色衰则恩爱松弛。现在夫人虽受到宠爱却没有儿子，不趁着年华正盛自己早些在各个儿子中选一个贤良孝顺的，推举他为嫡子，等到年老恩爱淡漠时，即便想说一句话，也做不到了。现在异人贤明，又知道自己排行居中，做不了嫡子，夫人如果这时候提拔他，异人就从无国变成了有国，夫人也从无子变成了有子，便会终身在秦国得到宠幸。”华阳夫人认为说的很对，抓住机会便对太子说：“儿子异人绝顶贤明，来来往往的人都称誉他。”又哭道：“我不幸没有生儿子，想把异人立为自己的儿子，使后半辈子有个依靠！”太子答应了她，与华阳夫人刻下玉符，约定异人为继承人，于是送给异人丰厚财物，并请吕不韦辅佐他。异人的名望声誉从此在各国盛传。"},"5-15-6":{"original":"吕不韦娶邯郸诸姬绝美者与居，知其有娠，异人从不韦饮，见而请之。不韦佯怒，既而献之，孕期年而生子政，异人遂以为夫人。邯郸之围，赵人欲杀之，异人与不韦行金六百斤予守者，脱亡赴秦军，遂得归。异人楚服而见华阳夫人，夫人曰：“吾楚人也，当自子之。”因更其名曰楚。","translated":"吕不韦娶了一位邯郸美女中最美的，与他同居，知道她已怀孕。一次，异人与吕不韦饮酒，见到这位女子，便想要来。吕不韦假装动怒，不久又将她献给异人。这位女子怀孕一年后生下儿子，名叫嬴政，异人便把她立为正室夫人。邯郸被秦兵围困时，赵国人想杀死异人，异人与吕不韦用六百金送给看守，脱身逃到秦军中，于是得以回国。异人身穿楚国服装前去见华阳夫人，夫人说：“我是楚人啊！我把你当作亲生儿子。”于是把他的名字改为楚。"},"5-16-0":{"original":"[1]秦将军伐韩，取阳城、负黍，斩首四万。伐赵，取二十馀县，斩首虏九万。赧王恐，背秦，与诸侯约从，将天下锐师出伊阙攻秦，令无得通阳城。秦王使将军攻西周，赧王入秦，顿首受罪。尽献其邑三十六，口三万。秦受其献，归赧王于周。是岁，赧王崩。","translated":"[1]秦国派名叫的将军进攻韩国，夺取阳城、负黍，杀死四万人。再进攻赵国，夺取二十几个县，杀死、俘虏九万人。周赧王十分恐惧，便背弃秦国，与各国联合抗秦，派各国精锐部队出伊阙进攻秦国，使秦国不能通行到阳城。秦王派将军进攻西周，周赧王来到秦国，叩头领罪，献出全部三十六个城市，三万人口。秦王接受了他的进献，放周赧王回到东周。当年，周赧王驾崩。"},"5-2-0":{"original":"[1]赵蔺相如伐齐，至平邑。","translated":"[1]赵国派蔺相如进攻齐国，兵抵平邑。"},"5-2-1":{"original":"[2]赵田部吏赵奢收租税，平原君家不肯出；赵奢以法治之，杀平原君用事者九人。平原君怒，将杀之。赵奢曰：“君于赵为贵公子，今纵君家而不奉公则法削，法削则国弱，国弱则诸侯加兵，是无赵也。君安得有此富乎！以君之贵，奉公如法则上下平，上下平则国强，国强则赵固，而君为贵戚，岂轻于天下邪！”平原君以为贤，言之于王。王使治国赋，国赋太平，民富而府库实。","translated":"[2]赵国一个收田租的小官赵奢到平原君赵胜家去收租税，他的家人不肯交。赵奢以法处置，杀死平原君家中管事人九名。平原君十分恼怒，想杀死赵奢，赵奢便说：“您在赵国是贵公子，如果纵容家人而不奉公守法，法纪就会削弱，法纪削弱国家也就衰弱，国家衰弱则各国来犯，赵国便不存在了。您还到哪里找现在的富贵呢！以您的尊贵地位，带头奉公守法则上下一心，上下一心则国家强大，国家强大则赵家江山稳固，而您作为王族贵戚，难道会被各国轻视吗？”平原君认为赵奢很贤明，便介绍给赵王。赵王派他管理国家赋税，于是国家赋税征收顺利，人民富庶而国库充实。"},"5-3-0":{"original":"[1]秦伐赵，围阏与。赵王召廉颇、乐乘而问之曰：“可救否？”皆曰：“道远险狭，难救。”问赵奢，赵奢对曰：“道远险狭，譬犹两鼠斗于穴中，将勇者胜。”王乃令赵奢将兵救之。去邯郸三十里而止，令军中曰：“有以军事谏者死！”","translated":"[1]秦国进攻赵国，围困阏与城。赵王召见廉颇、乐乘问道：“可以援救吗？”两人都说：“道路遥远，更兼险峻，难救。”再问赵奢，赵奢回答说：“道路遥远险峻，就好比两只老鼠在洞穴中咬斗，将是勇敢者取胜。”赵王于是令赵奢率领军队前去援救。赵奢刚离开邯郸三十里就停止不前，下令军中说：“如有人谈及军事，一律处死！”"},"5-3-1":{"original":"秦师军武安西，鼓噪勒兵，武安屋瓦尽振。赵军中候有一人言急救武安，赵奢立斩之。坚璧二十八日不行，复益增垒。秦间入赵军，赵奢善食遣之。间以报秦将，秦将大喜曰：“夫去国三十里而军不行，乃增垒，阏与非赵地也！”赵奢既已遣间，卷甲而趋，一日一夜而至，去阏与五十里而军，军垒成。秦师闻之，悉甲而往。赵军士许历请以军事谏，赵奢进之。许历曰：“秦人不意赵至此，其来气盛，将军必厚集其陈以待之；不然，必败。”赵奢曰：“请受教！”许历请刑，赵奢曰：“胥，后令邯郸。”许历复请谏，曰：“先据北山上者胜，后至者败。”赵奢许诺，即发万人趋之。秦师后至，争山不得上；赵奢纵兵击秦师，秦师大败，解阏与而还。赵王封奢为马服君，与廉、蔺同位；以许历为国尉。","translated":"秦国军队驻扎在武安城西，列阵大喊大擂，武安城内的屋瓦都为之震动。赵军中一个军吏忍不住提议急救武安，被赵奢立即斩首。赵奢军坚守二十八天不动，反倒增修营垒。秦国一个间谍潜入赵军，赵奢佯装不知，用好吃好喝招待他。间谍回去报告秦军大将，秦军大将十分高兴地说：“援军离开国都三十里就按兵不动，还增修营垒，阏与一定不是赵国的了！”赵奢放走间谍以后，下令部队卷起盔甲悄声前进，一天一夜便到了离阏与五十里的地方，扎下营来，修起营垒。秦国军队听说后，披甲前往迎敌。赵奢军中有个军士许历要求提出军事建议，赵奢便召他进来。许历说：“秦军没想到赵军会到这里，他们来势盛气凌人。赵将军你一定要集中兵力排出战阵对付，不然必败。”赵奢说：“我接受你的指教。”许历以自己违反了军纪，请处死刑，赵奢忙说：“且慢，现在是邯郸那次军令以后的事了。”许历便再次提出建议说：“先占领北山的人必胜，后到的必败。”赵奢点头称是，立即派出一万人前去北山，秦军后到，争夺北山无法攻上。于是，赵奢指挥全军猛击秦国军队，秦军大败，撤去对阏与的包围，退兵而还。赵王因此封赵奢为马服君，与廉颇、蔺相如同等地位；又任命许历为国尉。"},"5-3-2":{"original":"[2]穰侯言客卿灶于秦王，使伐齐，取刚、寿以广其陶邑。","translated":"[2]魏冉向秦王介绍名叫灶的客卿，派他率军进攻齐国，夺取刚、寿两地，用来扩大自己的陶邑封地。"},"5-3-3":{"original":"初，魏人范睢从中大夫须贾使于齐，齐襄王闻其辩口，私赐之金及牛、酒。须贾以为睢以国阴事告齐也，归而告其相魏齐。魏齐怒，笞击范睢，折胁，折齿。睢佯死，卷以箦，置厕中，使客醉者更溺之，以惩后，令无妄言者。范睢谓守者曰：“能出我，我心有厚谢。”守都请弃箦中死人。魏齐醉，曰：“可矣。”范睢得出。魏齐悔，复召求之。魏人郑安平遂操范睢亡匿，更姓名曰张禄。","translated":"[2]起初，魏国人范睢随从中大夫须贾出使齐国，齐襄王听说他能言善辩，私下赠给他金子及酒食。须贾以为范睢把魏国的秘密告诉了齐国，回国后便向魏国宰相魏齐告发。魏齐十分震怒，下令鞭打范睢，折断了肋骨，打脱了牙齿。范睢只好装死，被卷进竹席，抛到厕所，魏齐还派醉酒的宾客向他身上溺尿，以惩戒后人，不得妄言。范睢悄悄对看守说：“你放出我，我必有重谢。”看守于是去请示把席中死人扔掉，魏齐正喝醉了酒，便说：“可以。”范睢这才得以脱身。事后魏齐后悔，又派人去搜索范睢。魏国人郑安平把范睢藏匿起来，改换姓名叫张禄。"},"5-3-4":{"original":"秦谒者王稽使于魏，范睢夜见王稽。稽潜载与俱归，荐之于王，王见之于离宫。范睢佯为不知永巷而入其中，王来而宦者怒逐之，曰：“王至！”范睢谬曰：“秦安得王，秦独有太后、穰侯耳！”王微闻其言，乃屏左右，跽而请曰：“先生何以幸教寡人？”对曰：“唯唯。”如是者三。王曰：“先生卒不幸教寡人邪？”范睢曰：“非敢然也！臣，羁旅之臣也，交疏于王，而所愿陈者皆匡君之事，处人骨肉之间，愿效愚忠而未知王之心也，此所以王三问而不敢对者也。臣知今日言之于前，明日伏诛于后，然臣不敢避也。且死者，人之所必不免也，苟可以少有补于秦而死，此臣之所大愿也。独恐臣死之后，天下杜口裹足，莫肯乡秦耳。”王跽曰：“先生，是何言也！今者寡人得见先生，是天以寡人溷先生而存先王之宗庙也。事无大小，上及太后，下至大臣，愿先生悉以教寡人，无疑寡人也！”范睢拜，王亦拜。范睢曰：“以秦国之大，士卒之勇，以治诸侯，譬若走韩卢而博蹇兔也，而闭关十五年，不敢窥兵于山东者，是穰侯为秦谋不忠，而大王之计亦有所失也。”王跽曰：“寡人愿闻失计！”然左右多窃听者，范睢未敢言内，先言外事，以观王之俯仰。因进曰：“夫穰侯越韩、魏而攻齐刚、寿，非计也。齐王南攻 楚，破军杀将，再辟地千里，而齐尺寸之地无得焉者，岂不欲得地哉？形势不能有也。诸侯见齐之罢敝，起兵而伐齐，大破之，齐几于亡，以其伐楚而肥韩、魏也。今王不如远交而近攻，得寸则王之寸也，得尺亦王之尺也。今夫韩、魏，中国之处而天下之枢也。王若用霸，必亲中国以为天下枢，以威楚、赵，楚强则附赵，赵强则附楚，楚、赵皆附，齐必惧矣，齐附则韩、魏因可虏也。”王曰：“善。”乃以范睢为客卿，与谋兵事。","translated":"秦国任谒者之职的王稽出使魏国，范睢深夜前去求见。王稽把他暗中装上使车，一起带回国，推荐给秦王。秦王决定在离宫召见范睢。范睢假装不识道路走入宫中巷道。秦王乘轿舆前来，宦官怒声驱赶范睢说：“大王来了！”范睢故意胡说道：“秦国哪里有大王，秦国只有王太后和穰侯而已！”秦王略微听见了几句，便屏退左右随从，下跪请求说：“先生有什么指教我的？”范睢只说：“是的是的。”如此三次。秦王又说：“先生到底不愿对我赐教吗？”范睢才说：“我哪里敢呢！我是一个流亡在外的人，和大王没有什么交往，而想向您陈述的又都是纠正您失误的大事，关系到您骨肉亲人，我即使愿意一效愚忠却还不知大王的真心，所以大王三次下问我都不敢回答。我知道今天在您面前说出，明天就有处死的危险，但我还是不敢回避。死，是人人都无法免除的，如果我的死能对秦国有所裨益，就是我最大的愿望了。我只怕我被处死之后，天下的贤士都闭口不言，裹足不前，不再投奔秦国了。”秦王又下跪说：“先生您这是什么话啊！今天我能见到先生，是上天认为我混浊，为了保存秦国的祖业宗庙而把您赐给我的。无论事情大小，上及王太后，下至大臣，希望您都一一对我指教，不要再怀疑我的真心了！”范睢于是下拜，秦王也急忙回拜。范睢这才说道：“以秦国的强大，士卒的勇猛，对付各国，就好比用韩卢那样的猛犬去追击跛脚兔子 。而秦国却坐守关外十五年，不敢派兵出击崤山以东，这是穰侯魏冉为秦国的谋划不忠心，但是大王您的方针 也有所失误。”秦王跪着说：“我想知道错在何处！”但是左右随从有不少人在侧耳偷听，范睢不敢提及内政，便先说到外事，以看秦王兴趣的高低。他于是说：“穰侯越过韩国、魏国去进攻齐国的刚、寿两地，不是好计划。当年齐王向南进攻楚国，破军杀将，开辟千里土地，而最后齐国连一尺一寸领土也未能得到，难道是他不想要地吗？实在是因为地理形势无法占有。而各国看到齐国征战疲劳，便起兵攻打齐国，大破齐军，使齐国几乎灭亡。这个结局就是因为齐国攻打楚国而使好处落到韩、魏两国手中。现在大王不如采取远交而近攻的方针，得一寸地就是您大王的一寸，得一尺地就是您大王的一尺。魏国、韩国，位于中原，是天下的中枢。大王如果想称霸，必须接近中原之地控制天下枢纽，以威逼楚国、赵国，楚国强就收附赵国，赵国强则收附楚国，楚国、赵国一旦归附您，齐国就惊慌失措了。齐国再归附，韩国、魏国便是秦国掌中之物了。”秦王说：“好。”于是以范睢为客卿，与他商议军事。"},"5-4-0":{"original":"[1]秦中更胡伤攻赵阏与，不拔。","translated":"[1]秦国任中更之职的胡伤率军进攻赵国阏与，未能攻克。"},"5-5-0":{"original":"[1]秦王用范睢之谋，使五大夫绾伐魏，拔怀。","translated":"[1]秦王听从范睢的计策，派五大夫绾攻打魏国，攻克怀地。"},"5-6-0":{"original":"[1]秦悼太子质于魏而卒。","translated":"[1]秦国太子悼到魏国做人质，死在那里。"},"5-7-0":{"original":"[1]秦拔魏邢丘。范睢日益亲，用事，因承间说王曰：“臣居山东时，闻齐之有孟尝君，不闻有王；闻秦有太后、穰侯，不闻有王。夫擅国之谓王，能利害之谓王，制杀生之谓王。今太后擅行不顾，穰侯出使不报，华阳、泾阳击断无讳，高陵进退不请，四贵备而国不危者，未之有也。为此四贵者下，乃所谓无王也。穰侯使者操王之重，决制于诸侯，剖符于天下，征敌伐国，莫敢不听；战胜攻取则利归于陶，战败则结怨于百姓而祸归于社稷。臣又闻之，木实繁者披其枝，披其枝者伤其心；大其都者危其国，尊其臣者卑其主。淖齿管齐，射王股，擢王筋，悬之于庙梁，宿昔而死。李兑管赵，囚主父于沙丘，百日而饿死。今臣观四贵之用事，此亦淖齿、李兑之类也。夫三代之所以亡国者，君专授政于臣，纵酒弋猎；其所授者妒贤疾能，御下蔽上以成其私，不为主计，而主不觉悟，故失其国。今自有秩以上至诸大吏，下及王左右，无非相国之人者，见王独立于朝，臣窃为王恐，万世之后有秦国者，非王子孙也！”王以为然，于是废太后，逐穰侯、高陵、华阳、泾阳君于关外，以范睢为丞相，封为应侯。","translated":"[1]秦国攻克魏国邢丘。秦王日益亲信范睢，使他掌权，范睢便趁机建议秦王道：“我在崤山之东居住时，只听说齐国有孟尝君，不知道有齐王；只听说秦国有王太后、穰侯魏冉，不知道有秦王。所谓独掌国权称作王，决定国家利害称作王，控制生杀大权称作王。现在王太后擅自专行，不顾大王；穰侯出使外国也不报告大王；华阳君、泾阳君处事决断，无所忌讳；高陵君自由进退，也不请示大王。有这四种权贵而国家想不危亡，是不可能的。在这四种 权贵的威势之下，可以说秦国并没有王。穰侯魏冉派使者控制大王的外交重权，决断与各国事务，出使遍天下，征讨敌国，无人敢不听从。如果战胜了，他就把所获利益全部收归自己的封地陶邑；如果战败了，他就把百姓的怨愤推到国家身上。我还听说过，果实太多会压折树的枝干，枝干折断会损伤树根，封地过于强大会威胁到国家，大臣过于尊显会使君主卑微。当年淖齿管理齐国，用箭射齐王的大腿，抽去齐王的筋，把他吊在房梁上，过了一夜才折磨死。李兑统治赵国，把赵主父关在沙丘宫里，一百天后活活饿死。如今我看秦国四种权贵的所作所为，也正像淖齿、李兑一类。夏、商、周三代最后亡国的原因，都是因为君王把专权转授给臣下，自己纵酒行猎；被授权者嫉贤妒能，欺下瞒上，以售其奸。他们不为主子考虑，而君主也不觉察醒悟，所以失去了国家。现在秦国自有秩小官直至各个大官，再到大王您的左右随从，无一不是丞相魏冉的人。我看到大王您孤孤零零地在朝廷上，真为您万分担忧。恐怕您去世后，拥有秦国的将不是大王您的子孙了！”秦王听后深以为然，于是毅然废黜太后的专权，把穰侯魏冉、高陵君、华阳君、泾阳君驱逐到关外去；任用范睢为丞相，封为应侯。"},"5-7-1":{"original":"魏王使须贾聘于秦，应侯敝衣间步而往见之。须贾惊曰：“范叔固无恙乎！”留坐饮食，取一绨袍赠之。遂为须贾御而至相府，曰：“我为君先入通于相君。”须贾怪其久不出，问于门下，门下曰：“无范叔；乡者吾相张君也。”须贾知见欺，乃膝行入谢罪。应侯坐，责让之，且曰：“尔所以得不死者，以绨袍恋恋尚有故人之意耳！”乃大供具，请诸侯宾客；坐须贾于堂下，置、豆于前而马食之，使归告魏王曰：“速斩魏齐头来！不然，且屠大梁！”须贾还，以告魏齐。魏齐奔赵，匿于平原君家。","translated":"魏王派须贾出使秦国，应侯范睢身穿破衣、徒步前去见他。须贾惊奇地问他：“范叔你还是很好啊！”留下他用饭，又拿出一件丝棉袍送给他。范睢便为须贾驾车前去丞相府，说：“我先为你去向丞相通报。”很久未出，须贾感到奇怪，便问丞相府守门人，守门人回答说：“没有什么范叔，刚才进去的是我们丞相张先生。”须贾大惊失色，知道自己落入圈套，只好用膝盖匍匐跪行进去谢罪。应侯坐在上面，怒斥他说：“你之所以还能不死，是我念你赠送丝袍还有一丝照顾故人的旧情！”于是大设酒宴，招待各国宾客，令须贾坐在堂下，放一盘黑豆、碎草之类的喂马饲料让他吃，然后命令他回国告诉魏王：“快快砍下魏齐的头送来，不然，我就杀尽魏都大梁城的人！”须贾回国，把这番话告诉魏齐，魏齐只好逃奔赵国，藏匿在平原君赵胜家里。"},"5-7-2":{"original":"[2]赵惠文王薨，子孝成王丹立；以平原君为相。","translated":"[2]赵国赵惠文王去世，其子赵丹即位为赵孝成王；任用赵胜为国相。"},"5-8-0":{"original":"[1]秦宣太后薨。九月，穰侯出之陶。","translated":"[1]秦国宣太后去世。九月，魏冉离开咸阳回到陶邑。"},"5-8-1":{"original":"臣光曰：穰侯援立昭王，除其灾害；荐白起为将，南取鄢、郢，东属地于齐，使天下诸侯稽首而事秦，秦益强大者，穰侯之功也。虽其专恣骄贪足以贾祸，亦未至尽如范睢之言。若睢者，亦非能为秦忠谋，直欲得穰侯之处，故扼其吭而夺之耳。遂使秦王绝母子之义，失舅甥之恩。要之，睢真倾危之士哉！","translated":"[1]臣司马光曰：穰侯魏冉拥立秦昭王，为他除去隐患威胁；举荐白起为大将，向南攻取鄢、郢两城，向东开拓地界到齐国，使各国向秦国俯首称臣。秦国能够更加强大，都是穰侯的功劳。虽然他恣意专权、骄傲贪婪已足以惹祸上身，但也没有到范睢说的那种地步。而范睢这个人，也并不能忠心为秦国谋划，就是想得到穰侯的位置，所以才扼住他的喉咙，予以抢夺。于是，使秦王断绝了母子间的情义，失去了舅甥间的恩爱。总之，范睢真是个颠覆他人的能手！"},"5-8-2":{"original":"[2]秦王以子安国君为太子。","translated":"[2]秦王立儿子安国君为太子。"},"5-8-3":{"original":"[3]秦伐赵，取三城。赵王新立，太后用事，求救于齐。齐人曰：“必以长安君为质。”太后不可。齐师不出，大臣强谏。太后明谓左右曰：“复言长安君为质者，老妇必唾其面！”左师触龙愿见太后，太后盛气而胥之入。左师公徐趋而坐，自谢曰：“老臣病足，不得见久矣，窃自恕；而恐太后体之有所苦也，故愿望见太后。”太后曰：“老妇恃辇而行。”曰：“食得毋衰乎？”曰：“恃粥耳。”太后不和之色稍解。左师公曰：“老臣贱息舒祺，最少，不肖，而臣衰，窃怜爱之，愿得补黑衣之缺以卫王宫，昧死以闻！”太后曰：“诺。年几何矣？”对曰：“十五岁矣。虽少，愿及未填沟壑而托之。”太后曰：“丈夫亦爱少子乎？”对曰：“甚于妇人。”太后笑曰：“妇人异甚。”对曰：“老臣窃以为媪之爱燕后贤于长安君。”太后曰：“君过矣！不若长安君之甚。”左师公曰：“父母爱其子则为之计深远。媪之送燕后也，持其踵而泣，念其远也，亦哀之矣。已行，非不思也，祭祀则祝之曰：‘必勿使反！’岂非为之计长久，为子孙相继为王也哉？”太后曰：“然。”左师公曰：“今三世以前，至于赵王之子孙为侯者，其继有在者乎？”曰：“无有。”曰：“此其近者祸及身，远者及其子孙。岂人主之子侯则不善哉？位尊而无功，奉厚而无劳，而挟重器多也。今媪尊长安君之位，而封之以膏腴之地，多与之重器，而不及今令有功于国，一旦山陵崩，长安君何以自托于赵哉？”太后曰：“诺，恣君之所使之！”于是为长安君约车百乘质于齐。齐师乃出，秦师退。","translated":"[3]秦国进攻赵国，夺取三座城市。因为赵王新即位，赵太后便执掌政事，派人向齐国求救。齐国答复：“必须以赵公子长安君做人质。”赵太后不答应，于是齐国的救兵便不出发。赵国大臣一再劝说赵太后，太后却公然对左右随从说：“谁再提让长安君去做人质的事，我老婆子就要往他脸上吐口水！”左师触龙求见赵太后，太后气冲冲地等待他进来。触龙却慢吞吞走过来坐下，道歉说：“老臣我腿脚不好，很久没有来看望太后了，常常以此自我宽恕。又担心太后的身体有什么不适，所以还是希望能见到太后。”赵太后说：“老婆子我只能靠人推车来往了。”触龙又问：“饭量也减少了吧？”太后说：“只喝粥而 已。”这时，太后脸上的不悦之色已稍稍宽解。触龙又说：“我的儿子舒祺，年岁最小，又不成器，而我因为年老，私下最怜爱他，想让他补个黑衣卫士的缺去护卫王宫，在此向您冒昧请求！”太后说：“可以。他年龄多大了？”回答说：“十五岁了。虽然还年轻，可我想趁我这把老骨头还没入土为他做个安排。”太后说：“大丈夫也知道疼爱小儿子吗？”回答说：“比妇人还厉害呢！”太后笑着说：“还是妇人更厉害！”触龙却说：“我觉得，老太太您爱女儿燕后胜过爱儿子长安君。”太后说：“你错了！我对燕后远不如对长安君。”触龙又说：“父母疼爱孩子，就要为他们考虑深远。老太太您送燕后出嫁时，抓住她的脚后跟直掉眼泪，想到她要到遥远的燕国去，心情十分哀伤。待到燕后离去，您不是不想她，可一逢祭祀就祝愿说：‘千万别让人把她退回来。’这难道不是为她长久打算，希望她的子孙能在燕国相继为王吗？”太后点头说：“是的。”触龙又说：“从现在起三代以前，赵王的子孙被封侯的，现在还有没有继承人在位的？”太后回答：“没有了。”触龙说：“这就是说，近的，灾祸殃及其身；远的，殃及其子孙。难道说君王封侯的儿子都不成才？只是因为他们地位尊贵而无军功，俸禄丰厚而无劳苦，却享有国家的许多宝器。如今老太太您提高小儿子长安君的地位，封给他良田美宅，赐给他许多宝器，却不让他趁现在为国家立功。一旦您不在世上，长安君靠什么在赵国自立呢？”太后恍然大悟说：“好吧，随你去安排他吧！”于是下令为长安君备齐一百乘车，去齐国做人质。齐国随即发兵，秦国军队便退回。"},"5-8-4":{"original":"[4]齐安平君田单将赵师以伐燕，取中阳；又伐韩，取注人。","translated":"[4]齐国安平君田单指挥赵国军队进攻燕国，夺取中阳；又攻打韩国，夺取注城。"},"5-8-5":{"original":"[5]齐襄王薨，子建立。建年少，国事皆决于君王后。","translated":"[5]齐国齐襄王去世，其子田建即位。田建年幼，国事都由王太后决断。"},"5-9-0":{"original":"[1]秦武安君伐韩，拔九城，斩首五万。","translated":"[1]秦国武安君白起进攻韩国，攻克九座城，杀死五万人。"},"5-9-1":{"original":"[2]田单为赵相。","translated":"[2]田单任赵国国相。"}},"total_events":979,"total_locations":357,"total_organizations":99,"total_polities":44,"total_relations":1231,"total_roles":660,"total_schools":1}